Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Saussurea costus – An endangered plant from Himalaya- A review

Ali, Sofi Imtiyaz; Venkatesalu, V.

doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2021.12.008

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…The active constituents of this well-known medicinal plant are mostly terpenes, with various levels of flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, and inulin, as described in earlier research [ 45 ]. Several laboratory experiments and animal model studies have indicated that Saussurea costus possesses anti-inflammatory, antitrypanosomal, and anti-malignant tumor effects, confirming its extended use in medicine [ 46 , 47 ]. Costsunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, and cynaropicrin are some of the phytochemicals found in this plant that have shown promise in producing bioactive molecules [ 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Activity of Saussurea costus Extract against Bacteria, Candida, Herpes, and SARS-CoV-2

Idriss

Siddig

González-Maldonado

et al. 2023

Plants

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Medicinal herbs have long been utilized to treat various diseases or to relieve the symptoms of some ailments for extended periods. The present investigation demonstrates the phytochemical profile, molecular docking, anti-Candida activity, and anti-viral activity of the Saussurea costus acetic acid extract. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 69 chemical compounds. The chemical compounds were alkaloids (4%), terpenoids (79%), phenolic compounds (4%), hydrocarbons (7%), and sterols (6%). Molecular docking was used to study the inhibitory activity of 69 identified compounds against SARS-CoV-2. In total, 12 out of 69 compounds were found to have active properties exhibiting SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. The binding scores of these molecules were significantly low, ranging from −7.8 to −5.6 kcal/mol. The interaction of oxatricyclo [20.8.0.0(7,16)] triaconta-1(22),7(16),9,13,23,29-hexaene with the active site is more efficient. Furthermore, the extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (in vitro) against Candida albicans, which was the most susceptible microorganism, followed by Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. On the other hand, its antiviral activity was evaluated against HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, and the results showed a significant positive influence against HSV-1 (EC50 = 82.6 g/mL; CC50 = 162.9 g/mL; selectivity index = 1.9). In spite of this, no impact could be observed in terms of inhibiting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Activity of Saussurea costus Extract against Bacteria, Candida, Herpes, and SARS-CoV-2

Idriss

Siddig

González-Maldonado

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…One of the essential herbs is Saussurea costus , which is widely used in Asia and the Arab world [ 22 ]. The plant is a member of the Asteraceae family, which is located worldwide; however, its most prevalent regions are India, Pakistan, and the Himalayas [ 23 , 24 ]. Saussurea costus is an herb used in many traditional medicine systems to treat asthma, inflammatory diseases, ulcers, and stomach problems [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical Discrimination, Biological Activity and Molecular Docking of Water-Soluble Inhibitors from Saussurea costus Herb against Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2022

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Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world and is believed to have originated more than 10,000 years ago and is prevalent across ancient Tamil land. It is undeniable that inhibitor preferences rise with increasing solubility in water due to the considerations pertaining to the bioavailability and the ease of which unabsorbed residues can be disposed of. In this study, we showed the phytochemical discrimination of Saussurea costus extracted with water at room temperature as a green extraction procedure. A total of 48 compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fatty acids had a high phytochemical abundance at 73.8%, followed by tannins at 8.2%, carbohydrates at 6.9%, terpenoids at 4.3%, carboxylic acids at 2.5%, hydrocarbons at 2.4%, phenolic compounds at 0.2%, and sterols at 1.5%. Of these compounds, 22 were docked on the active side and on the catalytic dyad of His41 and Cys145 of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro). Eight active inhibitors were carbohydrates, five were fatty acids, three were terpenoids, two were carboxylic acids, one was a tannin, one was a phenolic compound, and one was a sterol. The best inhibitors were 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-diol, 1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethyl), Andrographolide, and delta.4-Androstene-3.beta.,17.beta.-diol, with a binding affinity that ranged from −6.1 kcal/mol to −6.5 kcal/mol. The inhibitory effect of Saussurea costus of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell was studied using a pseudovirus with Spike proteins from the D614G variant and the VOC variants Gamma and Delta. Based on the viral cycle of SARS-CoV-2, our results suggest that the Saussurea costus aqueous extract has no virucidal effect and inhibits the virus in the events after cell entry. Furthermore, the biological activity of the aqueous extract was investigated against HSV-1 virus and two bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA 1026 and Escherichia coli ATCC 9637. According to this study, an enormous number of water-soluble inhibitors were identified from Saussurea costus against the Mpro, and this is unprecedented as far as we know.

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“…To bring it out from the “critically endangered status,” considering its therapeutic and commercial utility, farmers can play a pivotal role in conserving the herbal plant species through captive cultivation. Some innovative farmers of Lahaul valley, a cold desert region of Himachal Pradesh, started its cultivation on a large scale during the early 1900s but later replaced it with other cash crops like pea and potato owing to its long cultivation cycle and lower yield resulting in meager profits ( Rawat et al., 2004 ; Ali and Venkatesalu, 2022 ). Despite government efforts to encourage the farmers for its cultivation, the response has not been very positive due to a lack of appropriate agro-technologies to attain higher yields with high marker compound content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable production of Saussurea costus under different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in cold desert region of Western Himalaya

et al. 2023

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IntroductionSaussurea costus, an important critically endangered medicinal herb native to the Himalayan region, is commonly used in various ailments, viz. asthma, ulcer, inflammation, and stomach problems. In the international market, the dry roots and essential oil of S. costus has become an important drug. The lack of appropriate fertilizer dose recommendations is one of the limiting factors for its ex-situ conservation and large-scale cultivation, as plant nutrition is vital in determining crop growth and productivity. The study aimed to understand the comparative impact of different levels of fertilizer nutrients on growth, dry root and essential oil yield, and essential oil profile of S. costus.MethodsA field experiment was conducted in Himachal Pradesh, India's cold desert region (Lahaul valley), during 2020-21. The experiment comprised three levels of nitrogen (60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1), three levels of phosphorus (20, 40, 60 kg ha-1), and two levels of potassium (20 and 40 kg ha-1) in a factorial randomized block design.ResultsThe fertilizer application had an immense effect on growth attributes, root yield attributes, dry root yield, and essential oil yield over control. The treatment combination N120, P60, and K40 had the largest effect on the plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and width, root length and diameter, dry matter per plant, dry root yield, and essential oil yield. However, the results were at par with the treatment comprising N90, P40, and K20. Dry root yield increased by 108.9%, and essential oil yield increased by 210.3% with fertilizer applications over unfertilized plots. The regression curve shows an increasing trend in dry root yield till N90, P40, and K20; after that, it nearly stabilized. The heat map showed that applying fertilizer significantly affected the chemical constituents of S. costus essential oil. Similarly, the plots fertilized with the highest level of NPK recorded the utmost value of available N, P, and K, as compared to unfertilized plots.DiscussionThe results emphasize that for sustainable cultivation of S. costus, the application of N90, P40, and K20 combinations is the most suitable one.

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Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Saussurea costus – An endangered plant from Himalaya- A review

Cited by 15 publications

References 114 publications

Inhibitory Activity of Saussurea costus Extract against Bacteria, Candida, Herpes, and SARS-CoV-2

Inhibitory Activity of Saussurea costus Extract against Bacteria, Candida, Herpes, and SARS-CoV-2

Phytochemical Discrimination, Biological Activity and Molecular Docking of Water-Soluble Inhibitors from Saussurea costus Herb against Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2

Sustainable production of Saussurea costus under different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in cold desert region of Western Himalaya

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