Both age and size influence susceptibility of Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) to disease caused by Ostreid herpesvirus -1 (OsHV-1) in replicated field and laboratory experiments

Hick, Paul; Evans, Olivia; Rubio, Ana; Dhand, Navneet K.; Whittington, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.013

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Triploid Pacific oysters produced in a hatchery in Tasmania (Shellfish Culture Pty Ltd., Batch SPL14B) were collected from a commercial farm at Woolooware Bay (Georges River), NSW, Australia ( n = 10). These oysters were three years and eight months of age (length 14·6 ± 1·4 cm), had been grown on intertidal trays and were survivors of disease caused by Ostreid herpesvirus‐1 infection in the same cohort (Hick et al ). The use of triploid Pacific oysters in this study is reflective of commercial farming of this species in Australia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of tissue type, sampling and nucleic acid purification methodology on the inferred composition of Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) microbiome

Pathirana

McPherson

Whittington

et al. 2019

J of Applied Microbiology

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Aims This study evaluated methods to sample and extract nucleic acids from Pacific oysters to accurately determine the microbiome associated with different tissues. Methods and Results Samples were collected from haemolymph, gill, gut and adductor muscle, using swabs and homogenates of solid tissues. Nucleic acids were extracted from fresh and frozen samples using three different commercial kits. The bacterial DNA yield varied between methods (P < 0·05) and each tissue harboured a unique microbiota, except for gill and muscle. Higher bacterial DNA yields were obtained by swabbing compared to tissue homogenates and from fresh tissues compared to frozen tissues, without impacting the bacterial community composition estimated by 16S rRNA gene (V1–V3 region) sequencing. Despite the higher bacterial DNA yields with QIAamp® DNA Microbiome Kit, the E.Z.N.A.® Mollusc DNA Kit identified twice as many operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and eliminated PCR inhibition from gut tissues. Conclusions Sampling and nucleic acid purification substantially affected the quantity and diversity of bacteria identified in Pacific oyster microbiome studies and a fit‐for‐purpose strategy is recommended. Significance and Impact of the Study Accurate identification of Pacific oyster microbial diversity is instrumental for understanding the polymicrobial aetiology of Pacific oyster mortality diseases which greatly impact oyster production.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of tissue type, sampling and nucleic acid purification methodology on the inferred composition of Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) microbiome

Pathirana

McPherson

Whittington

et al. 2019

J of Applied Microbiology

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“…The final mortality among individual oysters in baskets or tray segments in the group is also shown. Mortality data from Hick et al [ 38 ] and Whittington et al [ 37 ]. a One unit in this group had ≥ 10% cumulative mortality due to occasional mortalities over the duration of the trial, but did not experience ≥ 10% new mortality between any two observations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These were conducted in 63 × 22.5 × 13.5 cm (length × breadth × height, L × B × H) plastic baskets (Seapa, Edwardstown, Australia) hanging on intertidal long-lines (Figures 2 B) [ 37 , 38 ]. Experiment 1 commenced in February 2014 while Experiment 2 commenced in January 2015.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counting the dead to determine the source and transmission of the marine herpesvirus OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas

Whittington

Paul-Pont

Evans

et al. 2018

Vet Res

Self Cite

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Marine herpesviruses are responsible for epizootics in economically, ecologically and culturally significant taxa. The recent emergence of microvariants of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas has resulted in socioeconomic losses in Europe, New Zealand and Australia however, there is no information on their origin or mode of transmission. These factors need to be understood because they influence the way the disease may be prevented and controlled. Mortality data obtained from experimental populations of C. gigas during natural epizootics of OsHV-1 disease in Australia were analysed qualitatively. In addition we compared actual mortality data with those from a Reed–Frost model of direct transmission and analysed incubation periods using Sartwell’s method to test for the type of epizootic, point source or propagating. We concluded that outbreaks were initiated from an unknown environmental source which is unlikely to be farmed oysters in the same estuary. While direct oyster-to-oyster transmission may occur in larger oysters if they are in close proximity (< 40 cm), it did not explain the observed epizootics, point source exposure and indirect transmission being more common and important. A conceptual model is proposed for OsHV-1 index case source and transmission, leading to endemicity with recurrent seasonal outbreaks. The findings suggest that prevention and control of OsHV-1 in C. gigas will require multiple interventions. OsHV-1 in C. gigas, which is a sedentary animal once beyond the larval stage, is an informative model when considering marine host-herpesvirus relationships.

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“…; Hick et al . ). However, the susceptibility to this virus varies significantly among different host life stages (Arzul et al .…”

Section: Host–pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition to age, the influence of the size–age interaction on susceptibility of Pacific oysters to OsHV‐1 μVar infections has been recently investigated in field and laboratory experiments by Hick et al . (). These authors found that smaller spat (growth restricted) had relatively higher survival rates than larger spat.…”

Section: Host–pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The complex interactions of Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Vibrio bacteria, environment and host factors in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

Nguyen

Mérien

2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

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From the first detection in the Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in 1972, herpes-like viruses/herpesviruses have been identified in at least 20 bivalve species and have caused massive mortalities in six cultured species of bivalves. Among them, the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is most threatened by massive mortalities associated with detection of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and its variants. These mortality events have been reported in more than 12 countries, and OsHV-1 itself has been reported in 15 countries worldwide. Traditionally, the genotype OsHV-1 (or OsHV-1 Var) is the main contributor to bivalve mortalities, but the emergence of variants (e.g. OsHV-1 lVar and related ones, acute viral necrosis virus-AVNV, OsHV-1-SB) is now responsible for new mortality outbreaks in Pacific oysters and other bivalve species. In addition to OsHV-1, Vibrio bacteria and other abiotic and host factors also significantly contribute to mortality outbreaks. To this end, the current contribution aims to synthesize the body of literature on our current knowledge of these mass mortality events to provide insights into the role of each risk factor and complex interactions in the disease process. Specifically, this review encompasses our current knowledge and critical gaps. Important suggestions for future investigation are also presented. Figure 1 Classification of main Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) producing countries in 2016 in tonnes (data taken from FAO FishStatJ, version 3.01.0). The map was generated using http://mapchart.net. Asterisks (*) indicate countries with mass mortality events. ( ) >300 000 tonnes; ( ) >100 000 tonnes; ( ) >10 000 tonnes; ( ) >1000 tonnes; ( ) <1000 tonnes.

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Both age and size influence susceptibility of Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) to disease caused by Ostreid herpesvirus -1 (OsHV-1) in replicated field and laboratory experiments

Cited by 38 publications

References 60 publications

The role of tissue type, sampling and nucleic acid purification methodology on the inferred composition of Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) microbiome

The role of tissue type, sampling and nucleic acid purification methodology on the inferred composition of Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) microbiome

Counting the dead to determine the source and transmission of the marine herpesvirus OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas

The complex interactions of Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Vibrio bacteria, environment and host factors in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

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