Both Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll Explain the Large-Scale Longitudinal Variation of Deep Scattering Layers in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Song, Yuhang; Wang, Chunsheng; Sun, Dong

doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.782032

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…The composites of shipboard acoustics in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and Southern Transition Zone were consistent with previous acoustic characterizations of the North Central Pacific, which highlighted the stable presence of backscattering below 500 m from migrant and nonmigrant DSLs and the comparatively patchy occurrence of an SSL from 200 to 300 m during the daytime ( 40 , 41 , 42 ). Similarly, the composites from the California Current matched previous observations from other bioacoustics platforms, with pronounced daytime scattering in this region consisting of a migrant DSL typically between 180 and 300 m and nonmigrant DSL below 400 m ( 43 , 44 , 45 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The structuring effect of light on the migrant and nonmigrant DSLs is present although the community composition of these mesopelagic fauna is largely distinct between the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre/Transition Zone and California Current ( 46 ), with the most notable difference being the more consistent presence of the SSL offshore. The variable but more consistent presence of an SSL appears to characterize subtropical gyres, as studies from the North Pacific ( 41 ), South Indian ( 40 ), and North Atlantic ( 20 ) all found a temporally patchy SSL in the corresponding subtropical gyre but the general disappearance of this feature in surrounding water masses. In areas typically devoid of an observable SSL, the seasonal appearance of this upper layer may represent the seasonal displacement and shifting boundaries of distinct water masses ( 18 , 19 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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A shallow scattering layer structures the energy seascape of an open ocean predator

Arostegui,

Muhling,

Culhane

et al. 2023

Sci. Adv.

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Large predators frequent the open ocean where subsurface light drives visually based trophic interactions. However, we lack knowledge on how predators achieve energy balance in the unproductive open ocean where prey biomass is minimal in well-lit surface waters but high in dim midwaters in the form of scattering layers. We use an interdisciplinary approach to assess how the bioenergetics of scattering layer forays by a model predator vary across biomes. We show that the mean metabolic cost rate of daytime deep foraging dives to scattering layers decreases as much as 26% from coastal to pelagic biomes. The more favorable energetics offshore are enabled by the addition of a shallow scattering layer that, if not present, would otherwise necessitate costlier dives to deeper layers. The unprecedented importance of this shallow scattering layer challenges assumptions that the globally ubiquitous primary deep scattering layer constitutes the only mesopelagic resource regularly targeted by apex predators.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

A shallow scattering layer structures the energy seascape of an open ocean predator

Arostegui,

Muhling,

Culhane

et al. 2023

Sci. Adv.

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“…However, our data in western Pacific shows the intensity of DSL is stronger than that of SSL. The Sv of DSL is also the strongest layer in 50 m ~ 800 m layer of north Atlantic and east Pacific (Sheena Fennell et al,2015;Song et al, 2022 ). The difference of the Sv of SSL and DSL at different areas might be caused by the vertical distribution of zooplankton and micronekton.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraseasonal variability of the Deep Scattering Layer observed by subsurface mooring deployed east of Taiwan Island

WANG,

YU,

WANG

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The Deep Scattering Layer (DSL), a stratum of marine Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) organisms inhabiting the mesopelagic ocean, plays a crucial role in transporting carbon and nutrients from the surface to depth through the migration of its organisms. Here, using 18 months in-situ observations and altimeter sea level data, we observed for the first time the intraseasonal variation of the DSL and the DVM of zooplankton and micronekton to the east of the Taiwan Island, and revealed the underlying dynamics. The vertical speeds returned from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler are used to investigate the distribution and variation of the DVM innovatively. Results of power spectrum analysis of the scattering intensity indicate that the DSL exhibits a significant intraseasonal variability (ISV) with an 80-day period. Simultaneously, the variation of the DVM is linked to the DSL, and also shows an 80-day ISV during the observation. Dynamically, the ISV of the DSL to the east of the Taiwan Island is correlated with the westward-propagating mesoscale eddies. When anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies move towards the Taiwan Island, the local isotherms bend downward (upward), resulting in warming (cooling) in the DSL, and thus the upper boundary layer of the DSL gradually deepens (rises). These findings highlight the significant influence of mesoscale eddies on biological activity in the mesopelagic ocean.

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“…Maximum migration depth has been linked to dissolved oxygen levels, with the depth of migration shallower in regions with low oxygen levels at the subsurface (Bianchi et al, 2013;Klevjer et al, 2016). A suggested hypothesis for the link between migration depth and dissolved oxygen is that individuals need only travel as far as the oxygen minimum zone to use this region as a refuge from visual predators who generally have higher oxygen demands (Song et al, 2022). We suggest that the high relative importance of DO 200 for predicting abundance of E. antarctica, P. bolini and K. anderssoni might be a consequence of these species utilizing oxygen minimum zones as a predator avoidance strategy.…”

Section: Environmental Predictorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species distribution models describe spatial variability in mesopelagic fish abundance in the Southern Ocean

et al. 2023

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IntroductionMesopelagic fishes play a central role in the transfer of energy through open-ocean food webs, particularly in the Southern Ocean where they are both important predators of zooplankton and a key prey group for many higher predators. However, they are notoriously difficult to sample, which has limited our understanding of the bio-physical predictors of their abundance and spatiotemporal variability. Species distribution models can be used to help understand species’ ecological requirements by relating records of their presence or abundance to environmental data.MethodsHere, we used data from Myctobase – a new circumpolar database of mesopelagic fishes – to model patterns in abundance of eight key myctophid species (family Myctophidae) and the genus Bathylagus in the Southern Ocean south of 45°S. We developed species-specific boosted regression tree models to obtain circumpolar predictions of abundance. Average daytime and night-time summer predictions for the period 1997 to 2011 at 0 to 200m depths were generated for each species.ResultsDepth and solar position were important predictors and species were stratified in their depth distribution. For all species, except for G. nicholsi, there was an interaction between depth of capture and solar position, reflecting diel vertical migration. Other important variables included sea surface temperature, dissolved oxygen at 200 m, chlorophyll a, and sea surface height, indicating an association with water mass properties. Circumpolar patterns of abundance varied between species with some displaying affinities for oceanic regions at Antarctic latitudes (e.g., E. antarctica and Bathylagus spp.) or sub-Antarctic latitudes (e.g., K. anderssoni and P. tenisoni); and affinities for shelf regions (e.g., P. boliniand G. nicholsi).DiscussionOur findings suggest that the abundance of mesopelagic fish is influenced by diel vertical migration and meso- and sub-mesoscale oceanographic features, with the Polar Front being a major delimiting feature. Our study showed contrasting patterns in community composition with higher species diversity north of the Polar Front that might be indicative of latitudinal variability in food web structure. Our spatial analysis is an important step toward resolving what determines important habitat for mesopelagic fishes, providing foundational information for understanding shifting food web dynamics into the future.

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Both Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll Explain the Large-Scale Longitudinal Variation of Deep Scattering Layers in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Cited by 12 publications

References 87 publications

A shallow scattering layer structures the energy seascape of an open ocean predator

A shallow scattering layer structures the energy seascape of an open ocean predator

Intraseasonal variability of the Deep Scattering Layer observed by subsurface mooring deployed east of Taiwan Island

Species distribution models describe spatial variability in mesopelagic fish abundance in the Southern Ocean

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