Both Maternal Over‐ and Undernutrition During Gestation Increase the Adiposity of Young Adult Progeny in Rats

Fiorotto, Marta L.; Davis, Teresa A.; Schoknecht, Patricia A.; Mersmann, Harry J.

doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00130.x

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Indeed, our results led to the discovery that 0.8% L-arginine supplementation immediately after breeding severely reduced CL numbers, resulting in impaired production of progesterone in early pregnant gilts. Nutrition, particularly the balance of amino acids in the diet, affects tissue protein synthesis (22)(23)(24) and pregnancy outcomes (25,26) in mammals. Arginine supplementation (up to 0.8% of the diet) had no effect on intestinal absorption of basic amino acids in pregnant gilts, as concentrations of lysine (Table 3) or histidine (Supplemental Table 2) in maternal plasma did not differ among gilts fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.4, or 0.8% L-arginine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplementation with 0.8% L-Arginine between Days 0 and 25 of Gestation Reduces Litter Size in Gilts

Bazer

Johnson

et al. 2010

The Journal of Nutrition

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In this study, we determined the effects of L-arginine supplementation during early pregnancy on embryonic/fetal survival and growth in gilts. Gilts were housed individually in pens and fed twice daily 1 kg of a corn- and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0.0, 0.4, or 0.8% L-arginine (wt:wt) between d 0 and 25 of gestation (10 gilts/treatment). The diets were made isonitrogenous by addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. At d 25 of gestation, gilts were fed L-alanine or L-arginine and hysterectomized 30 min later to obtain uteri and conceptuses (embryos and associated fetal membranes and fluids). Dietary supplementation with 0.4 or 0.8% L-arginine enhanced (P < 0.05) its concentrations in maternal plasma (64 and 98%, respectively) as well as the vascularity of chorionic and allantoic membranes, compared with the control group. Reproductive performance [numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and fetuses, placental and fetal weights, and embryonic mortality] did not differ between the 0.4% Arg and control groups. However, supplementation with 0.8% L-arginine decreased (P < 0.05) uterine weight (-20%), total number of fetuses (-24%), CL number (-17%), total fetal weight (-34%), total volume of allantoic and amniotic fluids (-34 to 42%), concentrations of progesterone in maternal plasma (-33%), as well as total amounts of progesterone (-35%), estrone (-40%), and estrone sulfate (-37%) in allantoic fluid, compared with the control group. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 0.8% L-arginine between d 0 and 25 of gestation, while increasing placental vascularity, adversely affects the reproductive performance of gilts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplementation with 0.8% L-Arginine between Days 0 and 25 of Gestation Reduces Litter Size in Gilts

Bazer

Johnson

et al. 2010

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…For example, an intriguing hypothesis for why cardiovascular disease is increasing so dramatically in developing countries is that exposure to undernutrition in utero or in infancy predisposes individuals to high-risk (ie, abdominal) fat patterning if they are exposed to ample food as a result of economic development or migration to urban settings later in life (42,43). Evidence for this "fetal-origins" hypothesis (43) comes from animal studies that found that rats malnourished in utero tended to become overweight as adults (44)(45)(46)(47) and human studies that found associations between exposure to famine in utero during early pregnancy and adult obesity (48) and between low birth weight and high waist-to-hip ratio (49,50). In our Guatemalan population, stunting in childhood and low birth weight were associated with increased waist-to-hip ratio in both men and women, but only after total percentage body fat or BMI were controlled for (51).…”

Section: Fatness Indicators From Birth To Adulthood 141smentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatness and body mass index from birth to young adulthood in a rural Guatemalan population

Schroeder

Martorell

1999

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Body mass index (BMI; wt in kg/ht 2 in m) has been proposed as a simple and valid measure for monitoring fatness. Using data from a 25-y longitudinal study of rural Guatemalans, we found that, as children, this population was stunted (mean heightfor-age z = Ϫ2.6) and had low triceps skinfold thicknesses (Ϸ10% of reference medians), yet had mean BMIs above US reference medians. As young adults, mean BMIs were at the 50th and 20th percentiles for women and men, respectively. BMIs between ages 1 and 5 y were moderately correlated (r = 0.2-0.3) with those in young adulthood. BMI was correlated with subscapular (r = 0.5-0.8) and triceps (r = 0.2-0.7) skinfold thicknesses at all ages and with predicted percentage body fat in adolescence (r = 0.65) and adulthood (r = 0.8). Fatness was highly centralized, with ratios of subscapular to triceps skinfold thicknesses at the 50th-90th percentiles of reference medians at all ages. BMI was a poor indicator of central fat; the correlation between BMI and waist-tohip ratio in 14-17-y-old males was Ϫ0.21). In stunted populations in developing countries, BMI alone should be interpreted with caution. In stunted children, BMIs may be high despite small extremity skinfold thicknesses; BMI alone may overestimate the prevalence of fatness in these children. In adults, measures in addition to BMI may be required to identify centralized adiposity in these populations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(suppl):137S-44S.

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“…In humans, a period of catch-up growth in low-birth-weight infants is associated with an increased risk of diabetes type 2 (36). Moreover, both maternal obesity and diabetes during gestation have been associated with the development of these same disorders in the progeny (11,30,31). Recent studies report that offspring from dams fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation become obese and have abnormal glucose metabolism as adults (12) and that this predisposition is intensified in animals genetically susceptible to obesity (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring

Page

Malik

Ripple

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

109

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Page KC, Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297: R1049 -R1057, 2009. First published August 5, 2009 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90585.2008.-Epidemiological data and results from animal studies indicate that imbalances in maternal nutrition impact the expression of metabolic disorders in the offspring. We tested the hypothesis that consumption of excess saturated fats during pregnancy and lactation contributes to adult metabolic dysfunction and that these disturbances can be further influenced by the postweaning diet. Adult male offspring from chowfed dams were compared with males from dams fed a diet high in saturated fat (45 kcal/100 kcal) before mating, pregnancy, and lactation. Offspring were weaned to a standard chow diet or high fat diet. Animals were killed at 120 days after a 24-h fast. Body weight, energy intake, fat deposition, serum leptin, and insulin were significantly higher in offspring from control or high-fat dams if fed a high-fat diet from weaning to adulthood. Only fat-fed offspring from fat-fed dams were hyperglycemic. Leptin receptor, proopiomelanocortin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were also significantly increased in offspring exposed to excess saturated fat during gestation and into adulthood, whereas NPY 1 receptor was downregulated. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 mRNA level was significantly higher in offspring from high-fat-fed dams compared with controls; however, no change was detected in cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript or suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. An increase in agoutirelated protein expression did not reach significance. A significant reduction in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit (p85␣) coupled to an upregulation of protein kinase B was observed in offspring from high-fat-fed dams transitioned to chow food, whereas p85␣ expression was significantly increased in high-fat offspring weaned to the high-fat diet. These data support the hypothesis that early life exposure to excess fat is associated with changes in hypothalamic regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis and that postweaning diet influences development of metabolic dysfunction and obesity. development; hypothalamus; obesity OBESITY HAS BECOME one of the most prevalent and costly health issues to plague the developed world. The nutritional environment during early development has been shown to alter the expression of genes critical to regulation of energy intake and expenditure (20), and poor nutrition during intrauterine and early postnatal life is particularly disruptive. Recent evidence supports this hypothesis and underscores the importance of this critical time in the development of neuroendocrine feedback loops regulating energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus (2, 16). For example, offspring of undernourished mice have reduced birth weights. When these offspring are cross-fostered onto norma...

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Both Maternal Over‐ and Undernutrition During Gestation Increase the Adiposity of Young Adult Progeny in Rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Dietary Supplementation with 0.8% L-Arginine between Days 0 and 25 of Gestation Reduces Litter Size in Gilts

Dietary Supplementation with 0.8% L-Arginine between Days 0 and 25 of Gestation Reduces Litter Size in Gilts

Fatness and body mass index from birth to young adulthood in a rural Guatemalan population

Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring

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