“…Bot account detection on Twitter is a challenging task due to the bots' increasing sophistication. Studies towards this direction make use of supervised ((Efthimion, Payne, and Proferes 2018;Feng et al 2021a;Kantepe and Ganiz 2017;Ng, Robertson, and Carley 2022;Rodríguez-Ruiz et al 2020;Abreu, Ralha, and Gondim 2020) or unsupervised ML models ( (Chavoshi, Hamooni, and Mueen 2016;Minnich et al 2017;Anwar and Yaqub 2020;Chen et al 2017;Chen 2018;Wei and Nguyen 2019;Feng et al 2021b;Antonakaki, Fragopoulou, and Ioannidis 2021)), deep neural networks (Kudugunta and Ferrara 2018;Cai, Li, and Zengi 2017;Ilias and Roussaki 2021;Luo et al 2020;Hayawi et al 2022;Feng et al 2021c;Ping and Qin 2018), language agnostic models ((Knauth 2019), word embeddings (Wei and Nguyen 2019;Feng et al 2021c;Cai, Li, and Zengi 2017;Heidari, Jones, and Uzuner 2020), explainable ML (Kouvela, Dimitriadis, and Vakali 2020) and ensemble ML (Shukla, Jagtap, and Patil 2021).…”