Bottom‐Up versus Top‐Down Strategies for Morphology Control in Polymer‐Based Biomedical Materials

Cook, Alexander; Clemons, Tristan D.

doi:10.1002/anbr.202100087

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…Adapted with permission from [10]. © 2018 American Chemical Society have become more accessible to researchers over the past decade [20][21][22][23][24]. These approaches rely on the a priori definition of the physical features of such particles, conversely to more common self-assembly fabrication techniques (bottomup approaches), whose outcome is very often spherical.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Microplates and Discoidal Polymeric Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review

Moore

Cook

Belotti

et al. 2022

Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res.

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The storied history of controlled the release systems has evolved over time; from degradable drug-loaded sutures to monolithic zero-ordered release devices and nano-sized drug delivery formulations. Scientists have tuned the physico-chemical properties of these drug carriers to optimize their performance in biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, particle drug delivery systems at the micron size regime have been used since the 1980s. Recent advances in micro and nanofabrication techniques have enabled precise control of particle size and geometry–here we review the utility of microplates and discoidal polymeric particles for a range of pharmaceutical applications. Microplates are defined as micrometer scale polymeric local depot devices in cuboid form, while discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs are disk-shaped polymeric particles having a cross-sectional diameter in the micrometer range and a thickness in the hundreds of nanometer range. These versatile particles can be used to treat several pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases and vascular diseases, by leveraging their size, shape, physical properties (e.g., stiffness), and component materials, to tune their functionality. This review highlights design and fabrication strategies for these particles, discusses their applications, and elaborates on emerging trends for their use in formulations. Graphical abstract

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Section: Fabrication Of Microplates and Discoidal Polymeric Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review

Moore

Cook

Belotti

et al. 2022

Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res.

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“…Previous research has investigated disk shaped clay and cellulose particles, 51 and more recently block copolymer platelet particles, as oil‐in‐water and water‐in‐water emulsifiers 52 . However, compared to our top‐down approach, these bottom‐up designed particle systems present difficulties in precisely controlling the shape, size and polydispersity 53 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 However, compared to our top-down approach, these bottom-up designed particle systems present difficulties in precisely controlling the shape, size and polydispersity. 53 We then investigated the ability of PLGA DPNs to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. Medium chain triglyceride oil (Miglyol) was chosen as the oil phase, due to its use in a variety of FDA approved pharmaceutical/food/cosmetic products.…”

Section: Pickering Emulsion Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size effects of discoidal PLGA nanoconstructs in Pickering emulsion stabilization

Cook

Schlich

Manghnani

et al. 2022

Journal of Polymer Science

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Solid particle stabilized emulsions, using unique shape defined particles, are receiving increasing research interest due to ease of formulation and interesting physiochemical characteristics. There is, however, a need to systematically investigate the effect of anisotropic discoidal microparticles, realized with topdown fabrication approaches, in emulsion stabilization. Here, the effect of poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) discoidal polymeric nanoconstruct (DPN) size on the formation and stability of oil-in-water emulsions is studied. Particles with a diameter of 1, 2, and 5 μm are fabricated with a lithographic templating technique, and used to stabilize medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil emulsions. Three phase contact angles decreased from 85 ± 7 to 68 ± 12 moving from 1 to 5 μm DPN stabilized emulsions, showing a particle "hydrophilicity" increase with size. Microscopy imaging showed that the mean droplet diameter and dispersity increased with particle size, and that DPNs were present at the oil-water interface. DPN based emulsions were stable for about 24 h or less in the case of 1 and 2 μm DPNs. Emulsion stability was shorter than 12 h in case of 5 μm DPNs. Finally, calculations of DPN detachment free energies ΔG dw and excess surface coverages C excess demonstrated that, despite the significantly high adhesion energy of the discoidal DPN, emulsion stability was mostly affected by gravitational forces for DPN sizes above 2 μm. The use of PLGA and MCT oil in this study is relevant for future use of Pickering emulsions in pharmaceutical and drug delivery applications.

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“…Another particularly exciting avenue of research will be assembly of artificial cells into macroscopic materials with higher order structure. Some groups have already made early progress in this regard, for example, several groups have utilized 3D printing and other droplet manipulation techniques to fabricate artificial cells into 3D synthetic tissues or prototissues. , Use of membrane stabilized coacervate artificial cells for the fabrication of tissues could open the door to a number of new applications in tissue regeneration and organoid formation. The controlled placement of artificial cells in 3D space could also allow for higher degrees of spatiotemporal control in the mimicking of functions such as communication.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Coacervate Materials as Artificial Cells

2023

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Metrics & MoreArticle RecommendationsCONSPECTUS: Cells have evolved to be self-sustaining compartmentalized systems that consist of many thousands of biomolecules and metabolites interacting in complex cycles and reaction networks. Numerous subtle intricacies of these selfassembled structures are still largely unknown. The importance of liquid−liquid phase separation (both membraneless and membrane bound) is, however, recognized as playing an important role in achieving biological function that is controlled in time and space. Reconstituting biochemical reactions in vitro has been a success of the last decades, for example, establishment of the minimal set of enzymes and nutrients able to replicate cellular activities like the in vitro transcription translation of genes to proteins. Further than this though, artificial cell research has the aim of combining synthetic materials and nonliving macromolecules into ordered assemblies with the ability to carry out more complex and ambitious cell-like functions. These activities can provide insights into fundamental cell processes in simplified and idealized systems but could also have an applied impact in synthetic biology and biotechnology in the future. To date, strategies for the bottom-up fabrication of micrometer scale life-like artificial cells have included stabilized water-in-oil droplets, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV's), hydrogels, and complex coacervates. Water-in-oil droplets are a valuable and easy to produce model system for studying cell-like processes; however, the lack of a crowded interior can limit these artificial cells in mimicking life more closely.Similarly membrane stabilized vesicles, such as GUV's, have the additional membrane feature of cells but still lack a macromolecularly crowded cytoplasm. Hydrogel-based artificial cells have a macromolecularly dense interior (although cross-linked) that better mimics cells, in addition to mechanical properties more similar to the viscoelasticity seen in cells but could be seen as being not dynamic in nature and limiting to the diffusion of biomolecules. On the other hand, liquid−liquid phase separated complex coacervates are an ideal platform for artificial cells as they can most accurately mimic the crowded, viscous, highly charged nature of the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Other important key features that researchers in the field target include stabilizing semipermeable membranes, compartmentalization, information transfer/communication, motility, and metabolism/growth. In this Account, we will briefly cover aspects of coacervation theory and then outline key cases of synthetic coacervate materials used as artificial cells (ranging from polypeptides, modified polysaccharides, polyacrylates, and polymethacrylates, and allyl polymers), finishing with envisioned opportunities and potential applications for coacervate artificial cells moving forward.

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Bottom‐Up versus Top‐Down Strategies for Morphology Control in Polymer‐Based Biomedical Materials

Abstract: Figure 4. Transmission electron micrographs of PISA a) spheres, b) worms, c) vesicles, d) lamellae, e) framboidal vesicles, f ) oligolamellar vesicles, g) jellyfish, and h) yolk/shell particles. Reproduced under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY license.

Cited by 35 publications

References 136 publications

Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review

Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review

Size effects of discoidal PLGA nanoconstructs in Pickering emulsion stabilization

Complex Coacervate Materials as Artificial Cells

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