Boundary layer formation in the magnetotail: Geotail observations and comparisons with a global MHD simulation

Raeder, J.; Berchem, Guy; Ashour‐Abdalla, M.; Frank, L. A.; Paterson, W. R.; Ackerson, K. L.; Kokubun, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Slavin, J. A.

doi:10.1029/97gl00218

Cited by 94 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We use a global MHD code which includes an ionospheric model for the closure of field-aligned currents [Raeder et al, 1997[Raeder et al, , 1998]. In order to accommodate the large simulation volume with a long tail and long simulation times the simulation code was parallelized for running on multiple instruction-multiple data (MIMD) machines by using a domain decomposition technique [Fox et al, 1988].…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Effects of electrical resistivity

Raeder¹

1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Effects of electrical resistivity

Raeder¹

1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…In such a case, the plasma flow inside the cusp is very slow (Woch and Lundin, 1992;Lavraud et al, 2004) without the plasma mantle (Sckopke et al, 1976;Yamauchi and Lundin, 1993), and therefore we cannot simply apply our model to the cusp flow. However, the solar wind flow may still exist in the magnetosphere, through the prenoon boundary and postnoon of the cusp, flowing toward the low-latitude boundary layer: LLBL (Mitchell et al, 1987;Raeder et al, 1997). In such a situation, we can still apply the mass loading as a combination of strong dawnward IMF and duskward IMF, as illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Imf Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Energy conversion through mass loading of escaping ionospheric ions for different Kp values

Yamauchi¹,

Slapak²

2018

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. By conserving momentum during the mixing of fast solar wind flow and slow planetary ion flow in an inelastic way, mass loading converts kinetic energy to other forms -e.g. first to electrical energy through charge separation and then to thermal energy (randomness) through gyromotion of the newly born cold ions for the comet and Mars cases. Here, we consider the Earth's exterior cusp and plasma mantle, where the ionospheric origin escaping ions with finite temperatures are loaded into the decelerated solar wind flow. Due to direct connectivity to the ionosphere through the geomagnetic field, a large part of this electrical energy is consumed to maintain field-aligned currents (FACs) toward the ionosphere, in a similar manner as the solar wind-driven ionospheric convection in the open geomagnetic field region. We show that the energy extraction rate by the mass loading of escaping ions ( K) is sufficient to explain the cusp FACs, and that K depends only on the solar wind velocity accessing the mass-loading region (u sw ) and the total mass flux of the escaping ions into this region (m load F load ), as K ∼ −m load F load u 2 sw /4. The expected distribution of the separated charges by this process also predicts the observed flowing directions of the cusp FACs for different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations if we include the deflection of the solar wind flow directions in the exterior cusp. Using empirical relations of u 0 ∝ Kp+1.2 and F load ∝ exp(0.45Kp) for Kp = 1-7, where u 0 is the solar wind velocity upstream of the bow shock, K becomes a simple function of Kp as log 10 ( K) = 0.2 · Kp + 2 · log 10 (Kp + 1.2) + constant. The major contribution of this nearly linear increase is the F load term, i.e. positive feedback between the increase of ion escaping rate F load through the increased energy consumption in the ionosphere for high Kp, and subsequent extraction of more kinetic energy K from the solar wind to the current system by the increased F load . Since F load significantly increases for increased flux of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, high EUV flux may significantly enhance this positive feedback. Therefore, the ion escape rate and the energy extraction by mass loading during ancient Earth, when the Sun is believed to have emitted much higher EUV flux than at present, could have been even higher than the currently available highest values based on Kp = 9. This raises a possibility that the ion escape has substantially contributed to the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere.

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“…The situation is then expected to evolve rapidly during the next decade. The best known global MHD models of the magnetosphere are those developed at the University of Maryland (see Mobarry et al, 1996) and at the University of California at Los Angeles (see Raeder et al, 1997 for a recent application). Another model developed at UCLA (Walker et al, 1993) is worth being mentioned here.…”

Section: Mhd Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Sun’s atmosphere to the Earth’s atmosphere: an overview of scientific models available for space weather developments

et al. 2002

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Abstract. Space weather aims at setting operational numerical tools in order to nowcast, forecast and quantify the solar activity events, the magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere responses and the consequences on our technological societies. These tools can be divided in two parts. The first has a geophysical base (Sun, interplanetary medium, magnetosphere, atmosphere). The second concerns technological applications (telecommunications, spacecraft orbits, power plants ...). In this paper, we aim at giving an overview of the models that belong to the first class (geophysics) that might serve in the future as a basis for building global operational codes. For each model, we consider the physics underneath, the input and output parameters, and whether it is already operational, whether it may become operational in the near future, or if it is an academic research tool. Relevant references are given in order to serve as a starting point for further readings.

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Boundary layer formation in the magnetotail: Geotail observations and comparisons with a global MHD simulation

Cited by 94 publications

References 19 publications

Modeling the magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Effects of electrical resistivity

Modeling the magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Effects of electrical resistivity

Energy conversion through mass loading of escaping ionospheric ions for different Kp values

From the Sun’s atmosphere to the Earth’s atmosphere: an overview of scientific models available for space weather developments

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