“…Vadillo et al [18] also confirmed that synthetic jet actuators are promising devices to control the strength of shock waves and their unsteadiness as well as the shock-induced separation due to SWBLI, and, therefore, are a good candidate for achieving "hingeless" control to reduce drag. On the other hand, McCormick [19,20] developed a new concept, the so-called "directed synthetic jet", whereby energy is transferred to the boundary layer in the direction tangential to the body surface. The effectiveness of the concept was however shown only for leading-edge separation at a very low Mach number.…”