We use the theory of self-similar groups to enumerate all combinatorial classes of non-exceptional quadratic Thurston maps with fewer than five postcritical points. The enumeration relies on our computation that the corresponding maps on moduli space can be realized by quadratic rational maps with fewer than four postcritical points.Holomorphic dynamics in one complex variable is largely concerned with the study of rational maps as dynamical systems, along with their parameter spaces. Postcritically finite rational maps have attracted much attention due to their relative simplicity and their structural significance in parameter space. Furthermore, W. Thurston has given a powerful characterization and rigidity theorem for postcritically finite rational maps up to combinatorial equivalence (see Theorem 1.1). With this tool at our disposal, we are free to consider rational maps in the more flexible topological category.