Bovidae, Antilocapridae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae, Hippopotamidae

Jones, Megan E. B.; Gasper, David J.; Mitchell, Emily

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00005-5

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…Belonging to the subfamily of Ostertaginae, C. mentulatus is a parasite nematode of the abomasum in many ruminant hosts (Anderson, 2000). Responsible for causing ostertagiosis like syndrome (Jones et al, 2018), it is worldwide prevalent, in small ruminants (Carrau et al, 2017), in camelids (Rashid et al, 2019), in girafids (Kyriánová et al, 2017), and in antelopes (Pauling et al, 2016). When analyzing the morphological characteristics of the third-stage larva of C. mentulatus, we noticed that the shape and the dimensions are so closer to those of Teladorsagia circumcincta third-stage larva, which is also an Ostertaginae parasite nematode mainly encountered in sheep.…”

Section: Morphological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Some larval morphological characteristics of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger

Saidi

Mimouni

Hamadi

et al. 2020

Ukr. Jour. of Vet. and Agr. Sci.

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Monitoring of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in ruminants (domestic and wild) is often based on fecal examination techniques, looking for excreted eggs and larval forms using morphological keys. These, are more available in domestic ruminants, in which helminths are widely studied, than in wild ruminants. This study tried to provide certain morphological elements that will help to recognize the L3 larvae of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger that could parasite either domestic or wild ruminants. For that, we resorted first to the culture of L3 larvae from fecal samples taken from African antelopes, and second by the microscopic characterization of each isolated larval morphological pattern previously identified by sequencing of its internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) regions of the ribosomal DNA. The results of different microscopic captured images showed that Camelostrongylus mentulatus larva is 16 intestinal cells that measuring approximately 820 µm length, ‎≈ 25 µm wide, and ‎≈ 47 µm for its sheath tail extension and by this be closer to Teladorsagia circumcincta characteristics. For Nematodirus spathiger, it possesses 8 gut cells and measuring about 1020 µm long, ‎≈ 25 µm wide, and‎ ≈ 143 µm for its sheath tail extension with specific tail appendages. Have done this, we were able to get some clarifications on the morphology of the studied larvae, and we believe thus that this study will contribute to the establishment of morphological identification keys especially for parasitic nematodes of wild ruminants.

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Section: Morphological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Some larval morphological characteristics of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger

Saidi

Mimouni

Hamadi

et al. 2020

Ukr. Jour. of Vet. and Agr. Sci.

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“…Uromodulin, which is one of the most abundant proteins in the urine of healthy mammals, is only present in traces in the urine of giraffes, as well as in the urine of cows [ 17 , 18 ], and it can be hypothesized that low amounts of this protein may be characteristic of ruminant urine. Since in vitro uromodulin inhibits the aggregation of calcium oxalate or phosphate crystals, reducing their excretion in the convoluted tubules [ 48 ], a possible role of this protein in the formation of these types of crystals, frequently reported in captive giraffes, could be hypothesized [ 49 ]. Uromodulin has also been proposed as a pregnancy biomarker in cows, and its decrease is related to tubular dysfunction in dogs and cats [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes

Fasoli

Andreani

Dondi

et al. 2020

Animals

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Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful tool in routine health investigations, since it can diagnose numerous pathologies. Considering the paucity of knowledge concerning giraffes, urine from 44 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (18 males and 26 females, from 3 months of age to 21 years of age) underwent routine urinalysis, 1D-electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry, with the aim of identifying the urinary reference values and the urine proteome. The urine specific gravity (USG), urine total proteins (uTP), urine creatinine (uCr), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) reference values, reported as the median, and lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL), were 1.030 (1006–1.049), 17.58 (4.54–35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59–357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07–0.16), respectively. Mass spectrometry, together with electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of common urinary proteins; albumin, lysozyme C, and ubiquitin were the most represented proteins in the giraffe urine. It has been hypothesized that these proteins could act as a defense against microbes. Moreover, in giraffes, urinalysis could be a valid tool for gauging renal function and physiological status changes.

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“…Giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) are an iconic species; however, reports on their diseases are infrequent and have focused primarily on common hoof and musculoskeletal lesions. 1,11 Sporadic reports of giraffe gastrointestinal disease have included ruminal acidosis, functional or obstructive ileus or impaction, and nutritional serous atrophy of fat or “peracute mortality syndrome.” 1,6,11,18 Displacement of the abomasum (DA) has not been reported previously in giraffe, to our knowledge, and is also extremely rare other than in peri-parturient domestic dairy cows. 2,8,19 We describe here the clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and attempted stabilization of a giraffe bull with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA), as well as a description of steps for accurate diagnosis during postmortem examination.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1,3,18,22 Giraffes are strict browsers and therefore may have difficulty adapting to a captive diet. 4,10–12,16,17,20 Captive giraffes frequently consume a high proportion of concentrates with short fiber lengths. Small fiber lengths are a risk factor for DA because they do not adequately stimulate rumen contractions.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…2,21 Grass forages have higher silica levels than browse, which accelerate wear of browser teeth and may lead to dental disease and altered feed intake in giraffe and exotic ruminants. 4,11,18 Alfalfa and browse, compared to grass hay, have higher calcium and lower silica, which may preserve dental health and prevent subclinical hypocalcemia in these species. 4,12,13,16 Giraffes from northern zoos spend a large portion of the winter indoors with decreased activity and sunlight, which may alter gastrointestinal motility and calcium metabolism.…”

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Left displacement of the abomasum in a reticulated giraffe bull in managed care

et al. 2021

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A 10-y-old giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) bull developed colic after a 3-mo history of reduced feed consumption. Physical examination and management were performed with 2 standing sedations. The giraffe developed metabolic alkalosis and progressive pre-renal azotemia followed by compensatory respiratory acidosis and paradoxical aciduria. A metallic “ping” sound was auscultated on the left side near ribs 10–12. The giraffe was euthanized given the grave prognosis, and postmortem examination confirmed left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) with fluid sequestration (150–190 L [40–50 gal]) within the rumen. Dental disease was evident at postmortem examination and perimortem skull computed tomography. To ensure cases of LDA are not overlooked, the position of the abomasum must be noted during postmortem examination prior to removal of the gastrointestinal tract. The risk factors for the development of LDA in giraffes are not known, and associations such as those of dairy cattle (hypocalcemia, high-concentrate low-fiber diet, and indoor housing) remain to be elucidated.

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Bovidae, Antilocapridae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae, Hippopotamidae

Cited by 9 publications

References 159 publications

Some larval morphological characteristics of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger

Some larval morphological characteristics of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger

Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes

Left displacement of the abomasum in a reticulated giraffe bull in managed care

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