Bovine Babesiosis Live Vaccine Production

Rojas, Carmen; Millán, Julio Vicente Figueroa; Alvarado, Arcelia; Mejia, Pedro; Mosqueda, Juan; Falcón, Alfonso; Vega, Carlos A.; Álvarez, Alberto

doi:10.1196/annals.1373.059

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Gamma irradiation of serum inactivates the viruses of foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, Rift Valley fever, and bluetongue while maintaining growth promotion potential. Attenuated vaccines for B. bovis and B. bigemina (Rojas et al 2006) require regular supplies of bovine red blood cells (RBCs) and serum for their manufacture, and there is a constant problem with contaminating viruses and bacteria. Irradiation of serum with 25,000 Gy has therefore been used to inactivate viral contaminants and ensure its safety and efficacy in use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases—a review

Viljoen

Luckins

2012

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Nuclear and nuclear-related technologies have played an important role in animal health, particularly in relation to disease diagnosis and characterization of pathogenic organisms. This review focuses primarily on how and where nuclear technologies, both non-isotopic and isotopic methods, have made their impact in the past and where it might be expected they could have an impact in the future. The review outlines the extensive use of radiation attenuation in attempts to create vaccines for a multiplicity of pathogenic organisms and how the technology is being re-examined in the light of recent advances in irradiation techniques and cryopreservation/lyophilization that might obviate some of the problems of maintenance of viable, attenuate vaccines and their transport and use in the field. This approach could be used for a number of parasitic diseases where vaccination has been problematic and where investigations into the development of molecular vaccines have still failed to deliver satisfactory candidates for generating protective immune responses. Irradiation of antigens or serum samples also has its uses in diagnosis, especially when the samples need to be transported across international boundaries, or when handling the pathogens in question when carrying out a test presents serious health hazards to laboratory personnel. The present-day extensive use of enzyme immunoassays and molecular methods (e.g., polymerase chain reaction) for diagnosis and characterization of animal pathogens has its origins in the use of isotope-labeled antigens and antibodies. These isotopic techniques that included the use of 75Se, 32P, 125I, and 35S isotopes enabled a level of sensitivity and specificity that was hitherto unrealized, and it is prescient to remind ourselves of just how successful these technologies were, in spite of their infrequent use nowadays. Finally, the review looks at the potential for stable isotope analysis for a variety of applications—in the tracking of animal migrations, where the migrant are potential carriers of transboundary animal diseases, and where it would be useful to determine the origins of the carrier, e.g., Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and its dissemination by wild water fowl. Other applications could be in monitoring sequestered microbial culture (e.g., rinderpest virus) where in the case of accidental or deliberate release of infective culture it would be possible to identify the laboratory from which the isolate originated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases—a review

Viljoen

Luckins

2012

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…Some drawbacks for the use of attenuated vaccines have been described that include the spread of adventitious pathogens, difficulties in dose standardization, parasite virulence reversion and quality control stringencies during the production and handling of the vaccines. However, vaccines containing in vitro culture-derived parasites are processed under more controlled conditions, and have a lower risk to acquire adventitious pathogens due to gamma radiation of the serum, and more recently by using bovine serum-free culture medium ( 31 , 36 , 91 , 93 ). As for the handling of the vaccine inoculum, the usefulness of the vaccine as fresh or frozen material has been demonstrated ( 35 , 119 ).…”

Section: Experiences On Live Attenuated Vaccines From Other Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At about the same time, the in vitro cultivation of Babesia was developed, a system from which attenuated strains that have functional immunogenic proprieties have been derived and tested. These strains have been used both in controlled and field studies, in which protection in vaccinated cattle of at least 80% has been demonstrated when challenged with virulent strains (33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Control Of Bovine Babesiosis With the Use Of Immunogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Current Knowledge on in vitro Babesia Cultivation for Production of Live Attenuated Vaccines for Bovine Babesiosis in Mexico

2020

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The instrumentation of the in vitro culture system has allowed researchers to learn more about the metabolic and growth behavior of Babesia spp. The various applications for in vitro cultivation of Babesia include obtaining attenuated strains for vaccination or pre-munition, the selection of pure lines with different degrees of virulence, studies on biological cloning, ultrastructure, antigen production for diagnostics, drug sensitivity assessments, and different aspects of parasite biology. Although there are different types of vaccines that have been tested against bovine babesiosis, so far, the only procedure that has offered favorable results in terms of protection and safety has been the use of live attenuated vaccines. In countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Israel, this type of vaccine has been produced and used. The alternative to live vaccines other than splenectomized calf-derived biological material, has been the in vitro cultivation of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina . The development of in vitro culture of Babesia spp. strains in a defined medium has been the basis for the initiation of a source of parasites and exoantigens for a variety of studies on the biochemistry and immunology of babesiosis. The use of live immunogens from attenuated strains derived from in vitro culture is highlighted, which has been proposed as an alternative to control bovine babesiosis. In several studies performed in Mexico, this type of immunogen applied to susceptible cattle has shown the induction of protection against the experimental heterologous strain challenge with both, Babesia -infected blood and animal exposure to confrontations on tick vector-infested farms. The combination of transfection technologies and the in vitro culture system as integrated methodologies would eventually give rise to the generation of genetically modified live vaccines. However, a greater challenge faced now by researchers is the large-scale cultivation of Babesia parasites for mass production and vaccine distribution.

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“…Several attempts over the past decade have been made to develop an anti‐ Babesia vaccine; however, no vaccine has yet proven to be completely effective in preventing the infection (2,12). Live attenuated vaccines derived from blood are believed to induce long‐lasting immunity, but their use has disadvantages such as difficulties in standardization of vaccine dose, short shelf‐life and risk of reversion of virulence (13,14). Soluble parasite antigens derived from different Babesia species have been proven to induce immune responses that reduce manifestations of clinical disease upon infection, but cannot prevent infection (15,16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and immunological characterization of Babesia gibsoni and Babesia microti heat shock protein‐70

Terkawi

Aboge

Jia

et al. 2009

Parasite Immunology

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Serological immunoscreening was used to identify a gene encoding heat shock protein-70 from Babesia gibsoni (BgHSP-70) that showed high homology with HSP-70s from other apicomplexan parasites. This gene corresponded to a full-length cDNA containing an open reading frame of 1968 bp predicted to result in a 70-kDa mature protein consisting of 656 amino acids. Analysis of the expression levels of BgHSP-70 indicated elevated transcription from cultured parasites incubated at 40 degrees C for 1 h, but not at 30 degrees C. Interestingly, antiserum raised against recombinant BgHSP-70 protein reacted specifically not only with a 70-kDa protein of B. gibsoni but also with a corresponding native protein of B. microti (BmHSP-70), indicating the high degree of conservation of this protein. The BmHSP-70 gene was then isolated and characterized and the immunoprotective properties of recombinant BgHSP-70 (rBgHSP-70) and rBmHSP-70 were compared in vitro and in vivo. Both proteins had potent mitogenic effects on murine and canine mononuclear cells as evidenced by high proliferative responses and IFN-gamma production after stimulation. Immunization regimes in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using rBgHSP-70 and rBmHSP-70 elicited high antibody levels, with concurrent significant reductions in peripheral parasitaemias. Taken together, these results emphasize the potential of HSP-70s as a molecular adjuvant vaccine.

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Bovine Babesiosis Live Vaccine Production

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

The role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases—a review

The role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases—a review

An Overview of Current Knowledge on in vitro Babesia Cultivation for Production of Live Attenuated Vaccines for Bovine Babesiosis in Mexico

Molecular and immunological characterization of Babesia gibsoni and Babesia microti heat shock protein‐70

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