Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis

Effects of calfhood respiratory disease on health and performance of dairy cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…First, BRD case definition should be better reported. Although there is no gold standard for ante-mortem diagnosis of BRD (Buczinski and Pardon, 2020), this should not prevent authors from reporting clinical criteria and threshold used for BRD diagnosis in sufficient detail. Furthermore, methods directly assessing lung health such as thoracic ultrasonography could No data provided for BRD 1, 2, and 3.…”

Comparison of thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography to detect active infectious bronchopneumonia in hospitalized dairy calves

“…In contrast, retrospective and case‐control designs might select cases at the ends of the spectrum, either healthy or calves with severe active BP, resulting in an overestimation of Se and Sp of investigated tests. 2 , 37 , 38 Secondly, the classification of active or nonactive BP was performed blindly and without relying on results of index tests (TUS and TR), limiting incorporation bias. The absence of such bias promoted better accuracy in estimation and comparison of both tests' performances.…”

“…Infectious bronchopneumonia (BP) in cattle is an infection of the lower respiratory tract with a multifactorial etiology. 1 In the absence of established consensus, 2 several studies have relied on 1 or more of the following findings to declare an individual as having active BP: when the individual manifests clinical signs such as fever, cough, tachypnea, respiratory distress, develops an inflammatory leukogram (eg, abnormal neutrophil count, or presence of toxic neutrophils, bands, or both modalities) combined with an increase of acute phase protein concentration (eg, fibrinogen, haptoglobin), and shows metabolic abnormalities reflecting impaired gas exchange. 1 , 3 , 4 Active BP is commonly associated with lung lesions characterized on thoracic radiography (TR) by focal or multifocal areas of alveolar and interstitial patterns, 5 and on thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) by lung consolidation.…”

“…Currently, the field diagnosis of BP by veterinarians relies on abnormal physical examination findings and abnormalities detected during thoracic auscultation. 2 Unfortunately, both clinical tools provide suboptimal performances in detecting active BP with sensitivities (Se) (ie, the ability of a test to detect a calf with active BP) and specificities (Sp) (ie, the ability of a test to detect a healthy calf) of 62 to 100% and 62 to 87% for physical examination, 11 , 12 , 13 and 73% and 53% for thoracic auscultation, respectively. 14 Development of superior diagnostic strategies will improve the diagnosis of active BP.…”

“…To date, no gold standard (ie, test with a Se and Sp of 100%) has been validated for the antemortem diagnosis of active BP in dairy calves. 2 To overcome this deficiency, results from a series of imperfect tests (ie, test with a Se and Sp < 100%) can be combined to construct a reference standard outcome based on a panel diagnosis method (PDM) (ie, a consensus procedure among experts concluding on whether each calf has active BP or not based upon a set of imperfect test results). 22 Briefly, a PDM considers all relevant information gathered from medical history, clinical examination, and other test results.…”