Bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free pastoral zone of the Far-North region, Cameroon

Suh, Pierre Fongho; Njiokou, Flobert; Abdoulmoumini, Mamoudou; Ahmadou, T M; Mouhaman, Arabi; Garabed, Rebecca

doi:10.4103/0972-9062.217618

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In several countries there have been reports of AAT in cattle settlements free of tsetse flies, but where biting flies are abundant e.g. northern Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad [8][9][10]. The abundance of biting flies throughout the year is important in the epidemiology of the disease and parasite diversities among livestock hosts [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modelling and control of African animal trypanosomosis with interacting populations in West Africa—Could biting flies be important in main taining the disease endemicity?

et al. 2020

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African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies and mechanically by biting flies (tabanids and stomoxyines) in West Africa. AAT caused by Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei is a major threat to the cattle industry. A mathematical model involving three vertebrate hosts (cattle, small ruminants and wildlife) and three vector flies (Tsetse flies, tabanids and stomoxyines) was described to identify elimination strategies. The basic reproduction number (R0) was obtained with respect to the growth rate of infected wildlife (reservoir hosts) present around the susceptible population using a next generation matrix technique. With the aid of suitable Lyapunov functions, stability analyses of disease-free and endemic equilibria were established. Simulation of the predictive model was presented by solving the system of ordinary differential equations to explore the behaviour of the model. An operational area in southwest Nigeria was simulated using generated pertinent data. The R0 < 1 in the formulated model indicates the elimination of AAT. The comprehensive use of insecticide treated targets and insecticide treated cattle (ITT/ITC) affected the feeding tsetse and other biting flies resulting in R0 < 1. The insecticide type, application timing and method, expertise and environmental conditions could affect the model stability. In areas with abundant biting flies and no tsetse flies, T. vivax showed R0 > 1 when infected wildlife hosts were present. High tsetse populations revealed R0 <1 for T. vivax when ITT and ITC were administered, either individually or together. Elimination of the transmitting vectors of AAT could cost a total of US$ 1,056,990 in southwest Nigeria. Hence, AAT in West Africa can only be controlled by strategically applying insecticides targeting all transmitting vectors, appropriate use of trypanocides, and institutionalising an appropriate barrier between the domestic and sylvatic areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modelling and control of African animal trypanosomosis with interacting populations in West Africa—Could biting flies be important in main taining the disease endemicity?

et al. 2020

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“…In the Far north region of Cameroon, there are no tsetse flies but the area is heavily infested by tabanids and stomoxyines. Suh et al (2017) reported the occurrence of T. vivax in cattle from the Far North region of Cameroon, indicating the important role of mechanical vectors in transmission. The present study identified one species of the genus Chrysops (Chrysops longicornis), one species of the genus Haematopota (Haematopota decora), two species of Tabanus (Tabanus taeniola and Tabanus gratus) and four species of Stomoxys (S. n. niger, S. omega, S. n. bilineatus and S. inornatus).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors report that T. evansi is geographically most widespread trypanosome (Desquesnes et al, 2013) and was originally reported in Camels in Africa (Lun and Brun, 1992). In the tsetse free Far north region of Cameroon, Suh et al (2017) reported 0.67% and 1.46% prevalence of T. vivax. The continuous usage of trypanocides and insecticides in Ngaoundere is an indication of the existence of trypanosomiasis and its mechanical vectors in the apparent absence of glossines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“Silent” circulation of Trypanosoma spp. in Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and Cattle in a Tsetse free Range land of Ngaoundere (Adamawa-Cameroon)

Abah¹,

Sevidzem²,

Nlôga³

et al. 2020

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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The Adamawa region falls within the tsetse belt of Cameroon but harbours isolated pockets of tsetse free range lands like Ngaoundere. There is no report on the occurrence of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Ngaoundere. To provide information on this subject, two Vavoua traps were used to trap vectors of bovine trypanosomiasis and at the same time, blood was collected from cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coat of cattle blood (n=42) and biting flies (n=53). The nested PCR was used to screen the samples for Trypanosoma spp. During the 14 days of trapping in November and December 2017 in Ngaoundere, 127 flies were documented and classified under two taxa: Tabanidae and Stomoxyini. Three Trypanosoma spp. DNA was isolated from tabanid (18.9%) samples and identified as T. theileri, T. vivax and T. evansi and two of them that is T. theileri (4%) and T. vivax (3%) were also detected in cattle (7%). There was no case of trypanosome DNA isolated from all the screened Stomoxyini. This result indicates the “silent” transmission of T. theileri and T. vivax by tabanids in the absence of glossines in Ngaoundere.Keywords: Trypanosomes, tabanids, stomoxyini, PCR, Ngaoundere, Adamawa-Cameroon.

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“…T. vivax is reported from cattle, dromedary camel, [6], goat, sheep, pig, dog [7], horse, donkey [8], buffalo, warthog, hippopotamus, reedbuck, waterbuck [9], antelope [10], giraffe [11], rhinoceros [12], rodents, pangolin, primates, reptiles and different wild ungulates and carnivores [13]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, T. vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse ies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in which the parasite can multiply and remain infective throughout the insect's life [14]. The parasite has acquired the ability to be also transmitted mechanically by hematophagous ies like Tabanus spp., Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans, which are responsible for the spread of T. vivax in tsetse free areas of Africa and in Latin America [4,[15][16][17][18] T. vivax infection can be suspected by clinical and/or serological evidence and can be con rmed by parasitological or molecular methods [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Host Range and Prevalence of Trypanosoma Vivax: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fetene

Regassa

Büscher

2020

Preprint

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Background Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. T. vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has acquired the ability to be also transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease. Methods The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely Pubmed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosome vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis. Result The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232,6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%).Conclusion The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.

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Bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free pastoral zone of the Far-North region, Cameroon

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Mathematical modelling and control of African animal trypanosomosis with interacting populations in West Africa—Could biting flies be important in main taining the disease endemicity?

Mathematical modelling and control of African animal trypanosomosis with interacting populations in West Africa—Could biting flies be important in main taining the disease endemicity?

“Silent” circulation of Trypanosoma spp. in Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and Cattle in a Tsetse free Range land of Ngaoundere (Adamawa-Cameroon)

Global Distribution, Host Range and Prevalence of Trypanosoma Vivax: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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