Bovine Viral Diarrhea-an Emerging Disease in Camelids a Review

Abstract

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is an emerging disease in both New World Camelids (NWCs) and Old World Camelids (OWCs). The virus has been isolated from NWCs particularly in alpacas and dromedaries, but there are no reports of BVD in Bactrians. BVD is an important infectious disease. Both sub-genotypes 1a, 1b and genotype 2 have been isolated from NWCs but the ncp BVDV 1b is primarily implicated in cases of BVD in NWCs. A BVD strain unique to camelids has not yet been isolated. In NWCs virtually all infections have been caused by the non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV, Persistently infected crias have also been detected. Llamas and alpacas demonstrate clinical signs such as ill thrift, diarrhea, respiratory ailments and abortions. As in bovines, identification and elimination of PI animals, has the highest priority to avoid infection of the entire herd. BVD was also observed in dromedaries and interestingly, both genotypes of the Pestivirus, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, were isolated from dromedaries in Egypt. Both isolates revealed a cytopathic effect (cpe) and so far no ncp virus has been isolated from dromedaries. Also in dromedaries, BVD infections caused intrauterine death, stillbirth, weak calf syndrome with congenital deformities, neonatal respiratory disorders in young dromedary calves and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in adult dromedaries. So far, no PI dromedaries have been described.

Serosurvey and Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Egypt

“…BVD is a global problem that causes substantial economic losses since it causes abortion, decrease the conception rate and milk production, and prolongs calving intervals [12,13]. BVD is a widespread disease in cattle, but it is an emerging disease in both new-and old-world camels that can be infected by sharing pasture with cattle [14,15]. Moreover, the disease causes diarrhea, reproductive failure, and respiratory symptoms in camels [16,17].…”

Physiological and epidemiological study of some parasitic and viral enteric infections in dromedary camels in Al-Muthanna province

“…This invasive virus can infect other livestock such as camels (Belknap et al, 2000) with severe clinical manifestations like enteric and respiratory signs (Kapil et al, 2009). The recent epidemiological records have not clearly shown the global distribution curves, while these studies referred to the disease as an emerging illness (Wernery, 2012). The study aims to investigate the most important intestinal protozoa and the seroprevalence of BVDV by using routine methods and linking that to some physio-hematological estimation in camels for the first time in Iraq.…”