Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Multiorgan Infection in Two White-Tailed Deer in Southeastern South Dakota

Abstract

The susceptibility of wild ruminants, especially cervids, to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has remained an enigma. Two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were submitted to the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL) in the fall of 2003 by the South Dakota Game Fish and Parks for chronic wasting disease (CWD) testing. Both animals were CWD negative. The animals were necropsied and histopathology, viral antigen detection, and virus isolation were performed. A noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV was isolated from the lungs and several other tissues of both animals. Formalin-fixed ear notches from both animals were positive for BVDV antigen by immunohistochemistry. The BVDV isolates were typed with the use of polymerase chain reaction in 5' untranslated region (UTR) and one isolate was typed a Type 2a and the other a Type 1b. Future field surveys to determine the incidence of BVDV along with experimental studies to determine if white-tailed deer fawns can be persistently infected with BVDV are needed.

Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Findings in Two White-Tailed Deer Fawns Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

“…5 This virus was noncytopathic, determined by a lack of cytopathic effect in cultured Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells 10 and belonged to the Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) species based on phylogenetic analysis of 5' UTR sequences as previously described. 21 Viruses were propagated, titrated, and reisolated from buffy coat samples by using protocols previously described.…”

Monitoring for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Austrian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) by using Ear-notch Samples

“…In free-living and captive cervids, BVDV has been detected in a wide range of European and North American species such as roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) (Nettleton et al, 1980;Neumann et al, 1980;Frö lich and Hoffmann, 1995;Tessaro et al, 1999;Van Campen et al, 2001;Chase et al, 2008). Experimental infections in immunocompetent elk, mule and white-tailed deer, and reindeer showed no or only weak clinical signs but always transient viremia followed by seroconversion (Morton et al, 1990;Van Campen et al, 1997;Tessaro et al, 1999;Passler et al, 2007;Ridpath et al, 2007).…”

Prevalence of Infectious Agents in Free-ranging White-tailed Deer in Northeastern Mexico

“…A type 1a BVDV was isolated from a free-ranging yearling female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from northwestern Wyoming, USA (Van Campen et al, 2001). A noncytopathic BVDV was isolated from white-tailed deer in southeastern South Dakota (USA) in areas with high livestock concentrations (Chase et al, 2004). A study of occurrence of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV, Bovine herpesvirus 1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Leptospira spp., and B. abortus in white-tailed deer in Minnesota reported prevalences of 15, 20, 3, and 0%, respectively (Inge-brigtsen et al, 1986).…”