Bowman-Birk Major Type Trypsin Inhibitor Derived from Foxtail Millet Bran Attenuate Atherosclerosis via Remodeling Gut Microbiota in ApoE–/– Mice

Abstract

Foxtail millet proteins and their hydrolysates have the potential to prevent atherosclerosis (AS). In our present study, a novel Bowman-Birk type major trypsin inhibitor from foxtail millet bran (FMB-BBTI) with an anti-AS effect was obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal bionic digestion. Further, the anti-AS activity of FMB-BBTI was verified by the classic apoE−/− mice model, characterized by the decreases of the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and atherosclerotic plaque. Importantly, FMB-BBTI remodeled the structure of gut microbiota in apoE−/− mice, including the increase of Firmicutes at the phylum level, and the abundance alteration of five genera at the genus level, especially significant enrichment of Lactobacillus. Collectively, FMB-BBTI markedly restrains the AS progress, suggesting that the remodeling of gut microbiota induced by FMB-BBTI may be the critical factor for its anti-AS activity. This study indicates that FMB-BBTI may serve as a vital functional component contributing to the anti-AS potential of foxtail millet bran.

Identification of a Novel Strain Lactobacillus Reuteri and Anti-Obesity Effect through Metabolite Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

“…Our previous research demonstrated that the abundance of intestinal Lactobacillus was significantly increased in the cecal of mice treated by the Bowman−Birktype major trypsin inhibitor from the foxtail millet bran (FMB-BBTI). 22 In the present study, a new strain of Lactobacillus isolated from the cecal treated by FMB-BBTI was identified as L. reuteri SY523. Further, the anti-obesity effect of L. reuteri SY523 was evaluated by the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese (DIO) mice model.…”

“…Our previous study found that FMB-BBTI could notably elevate the abundance of intestinal Lactobacillus to alleviate the atherosclerosis effect of apoE –/– mice . It is known that Lactobacillus as an intestinal probiotic plays an important role in metabolic diseases .…”

“…Our previous study found that FMB-BBTI could notably elevate the abundance of intestinal Lactobacillus to alleviate the atherosclerosis effect of apoE −/− mice. 22 It is known that Lactobacillus as an intestinal probiotic plays an important role in metabolic diseases. 25 In the present study, the cecal contents of BBTI-treated mice were diluted and cultured on MRS broth medium which is specialized for the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria (Figure 1A).…”

Millet Bran Protein Hydrolysate Displays the Anti-non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Effect via Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ to Restrain Fatty Acid Uptake

“…Bionic digestion of millet bran protein in vitro was followed according to our previously described method. 17 Briefly, millet bran protein extract was digested using the pepsin buffer of 250 units/mL (pH 1.6) at 37 °C for 0.5 h away from light, followed by simulated intestinal digestion using the trypsin buffer of 200 units/mL at pH 6.8 (containing 5% NaHCO 3 ) and 37 °C for 1.5 h away from light. Then, the hydrolysate was incubated for 10 min at 80 °C to stop the digestion, followed by centrifugation for 10 min (at 10000g and 4 °C).…”

“…Studies have shown that millet bran protein is the least allergenic protein of the grains known and is suitable for dietary supplement of sub-healthy people. 16 Recent studies have discovered that millet bran contains a series of active proteins and peptides with medicinal values, which exhibit multiple efficacies, such as remodeling gut microbiota, antiatherosclerosis, 17 and antitumor. 18 In the present study, we found that millet bran protein hydrolysate (MBPH) prepared by in vitro gastrointestinal bionic digestion exhibited the potential of anti-NAFLD activity in vitro and in vivo.…”