Box-Behnken Design for Extraction Optimization Followed by High Performance Countercurrent Chromatography: Production of a Flavonoid-enriched Fraction from Achyrocline Satureioides

Abstract

The biological properties of Achyrocline satureioides have been mostly ascribed to its major flavonoids quercetin (QCT), luteolin (LUT), and 3-O-methylquercetin (3OMQ). The present study aimed to optimize the extraction by dynamic maceration of the major phenolic compounds in order to obtain in a subsequent step a flavonoid-enriched fraction (FEF) using high performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC). A 3-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to maximize the extraction of the substances, using the plant : solvent ratio (X1 ), extraction time (X2 ), and ethanol concentration (X3 ) as factors. One-step HPCCC semipreparative separation with a solvent system composed of hexane : ethyl acetate : methanol : water (0.9 : 0.9 : 0.8 : 1.0, v/v) was employed to obtain the FEF. The second-order polynomial model was able to fit the experimental data adequately. The linear and quadratic terms of X3 were the most significant factors that affected all the responses. The positive linear term of X3 indicated a substantial increase in extraction yield, while the negative quadratic term showed a nonlinear tendency. Linear terms of X1 suggested a tendency to solvent saturation, except for QCT. The terms of X2 did not affect the responses substantially. The HPCCC method was found to be efficient and rapid for separating the FEF with 71% (w/w) flavonoid content. Overall, the developed extraction procedure coupled with HPCCC proved to be efficient for obtaining an enriched fraction with a very high content of flavonoids from A. satureioides.

Valorization of Coffee Silverskin through Subcritical Water Extraction: An Optimization Based on T-CQA Using Response Surface Methodology

“…Both the R 2 and adjusted R 2 values were greater than 80%. This confirms that the model exhibits precise prediction for the designated responses [40][41][42]. The lack of fit is the parameter used for confirming the validity of the models.…”

“…BBD is an independent rotatable quadratic design with no embedded factorial or fractional factorial points [36,37]. It has been commonly used for the optimization of plant material extraction processes [39][40][41][42]. In this study, the effects of the three independent variables (i.e., extraction temperature of 120-240 • C, time of 10-60 min, and the solid-liquid ratio of 1:10-1:40 g/mL) on the response (Y) were investigated.…”

“…The lack of fit is the parameter used for confirming the validity of the models. If the lack of fit has a p-value > 0.05, the model can precisely fit the experimental data [36,[38][39][40][41][42]. As shown in Table 4, all the developed quadratic polynomial models are consistent and precise for predicting the designated responses (i.e., TPC, AA, and T-CQA).…”

Optimization of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method Applied to the Extraction of Flavonoids from Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleífera Lam.)

“…Once the operating temperature range was established, the Box-Behnken design was applied because of its high efficiency and the limited number of experiments required [32] to optimize the variables that mainly influence the UAE with respect to the total flavonoids extraction yields. The composition of the extraction solvent and the extraction temperature as well as the amplitude or power of the ultrasound, the extraction cycle, the pH and the sampleto-solvent ratio are the main variables affecting the efficiency of UAE [33].…”

Optimization of Coumarins Extraction from Pterocaulon balansae by Box-Behnken Design and Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis Activity

“…BBD is a mathematical and statistical technique based on second-order design with a three-level factorial arrangement, commonly applied to improve and optimize extraction procedures. Additionally, this experimental design is an effective model to avoid wasting time in experiments, since a small number of runs is required to evaluate, with confidence, several factors at different levels and the interactions between factors [15][16][17]. The experimental design for the optimization of the extraction of coumarins from P. balansae investigated the effect of three factors: time of extraction (X 1 ), plant : solvent ratio (X 2 ), and ethanol content (X 3 ).…”