Brachiopods and pedicles

Abstract

The pedicle differentiates brachiopods from all other phyla. With its associated musculature, it is more variable than any other brachiopod system at or above the generic level and is considered to contribute to the versatility of behavior possessed by some species. Differences in pedicle type are reflected clearly in the beak.

Population structure of articulate brachiopod species from soft and hard substrates

“…Collections wel'e made from the Paterson Inlet, Half Moon B'<ly, and Port Pegasus areas of Stewart Island (see Richardson 1981, fig. 1) hy scuha divers.…”

“…On these rock faces shells of living L. neozelaniaa are the attachment sites for many brachiopods. Because the pedicle attachment is relatively weak (Richardson 1981), individuals of L. neozelanica are easily dislodged in turbulent conditions, and with their coUecti:ons of attached individuals they accumulate at the base of the outcrop. Thus, the collection from the shelf contains dead shells and clumps of living 'brachiopods.…”

Using ecological niche modeling to assess biogeographic and niche response of brachiopod species to the Richmondian Invasion (Late Ordovician) in the Cincinnati Arch

“…Brachiopods are sensitive to lithologic change (Holland et al, 2001). The pedicle muscle that attaches a brachiopod to substrate can restrict a brachiopod to a specific substrate type (Richardson, 1981). Softer substrates like mud tend to inhibit pedicular attachment.…”

Atlas of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Brachiopoda

“…Genus Cancellothyris Thomson, 1926 [Type species = Terebratula cancellata Koch in Küster, 1843 (p. 35 Dawson (1971aDawson ( , 1971bDawson ( , 1972Dawson ( , 1991, Foster (1969Foster ( , 1989, Richardson (1979Richardson ( , 1981b, Zezina (2008).…”

“…However, morpho--anatomical characters were brought to prominence by various authors: musculature (Bulmann, 1939;Helmcke, 1939aHelmcke, , 1940Foster, 1974;Emig, 1997;and others), lophophore and disposition of mantle canals (Emig, 1992;Williams et al, 1997), pedicle (Richardson, 1979(Richardson, , 1981b, shell (Boullier et al, 1986;Álvarez et al, 2010), and the taxonomic value of spicules, nephridia, gonads and larvae was not yet appreciated. None of these diagnostic characters was used in the revision of systematics in part H (Brachiopoda) of the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology (Kaesler, 1997(Kaesler, --2006Selden, 2007), although they are detailed in the Anatomy chapter of Volume 1 (Williams et al, 1997).…”