Brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease and aging

Pini, Lorenzo; Pievani, Michela; Bocchetta, Martina; Altomare, Daniele; Bosco, Paolo; Cavedo, Enrica; Galluzzi, Samantha; Marizzoni, Moira; Frisoni, Giovanni B.

doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.002

Cited by 636 publications

(492 citation statements)

References 360 publications

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“…The patients seen prior to 2011 had follow-up visits thereafter and so the most recent visit (i.e., post 2011) was used to indicate whether they met the 2011 criteria. The clinical diagnosis of probable AD was supported by radiographic findings, specifically significant hippocampal atrophy [27,28] and without significant WMH (Fazekas scale ≤1) [29]. Hippocampal atrophy was not quantified and many patients did not have repeat imaging in the time frame of the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Mixed Dementia

et al. 2017

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Background/Aims: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), and are distressful to patients and caregivers. NPS are likely related to the underlying pathology. Previous studies suggest that frontal lobe lesions and vascular changes such as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) have a significant association with specific NPS. The current study aimed to compare NPS in patients with AD, VaD, and mixed AD/VaD, and to evaluate the differences in the prevalence of NPS in relation to frontal WMH volume. Methods: In total, 180 patients with NPS and MRI data (92 probable AD, 51%; 34 probable VaD, 19%; and 54 probable mixed AD/VaD, 30%) were included in the study. Regression analyses were performed to determine the relationships between NPS prevalence and diagnosis, and between NPS and frontal WMH. Results: VaD patients had significantly more agitation (p < 0.05; 40 vs. 14%) and sleep disturbances (p < 0.05; 57 vs. 32%) than AD patients, and significantly more depression (p < 0.05; 48 vs. 20%) and aberrant motor behaviors (p < 0.05; 31 vs. 13%) than mixed AD/VaD patients. AD patients with delusions had significantly greater right frontal WMH volumes than those without (p < 0.05; delusions 1/0 = 314.8/112.6 mm³). Conclusion: Differences in NPS prevalence are likely related to the underlying pathology and warrant further study as they have implications for treatment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Mixed Dementia

et al. 2017

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“…2). CSF extravasation must be differentiated from agerelated changes of periventricular white matter [15]. Such changes are usually less than 10 mm in diameter on axial cross-sectional images (▶ Fig.…”

Section: Examination Methods and Morphological Imaging Criteria Of Hymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in contrast to hydrocephalus, there is symmetrical dilatation of internal and external CSF spaces. Age-related cortical atrophy primarily relates to the sensomotoric cortex, the visual occipital cortex, individual frontal areas and the thalamus [15]. Pathological atrophy as can occur, for example, in dementia must be differentiated from this.…”

Section: Age-related Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus in Adults

Langner

Fleck

Baldauf

et al. 2017

Fortschr Röntgenstr

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ABSTR AC TPurpose Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance of production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or obstruction of its pathways, resulting in ventricular dilatation and increased intracranial pressure. Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and planning of treatment.Methods This review article presents the different types of hydrocephalus und their typical imaging appearance, describes imaging techniques, and discusses differential diagnoses of the different forms of hydrocephalus. Results and Conclusion

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“…In addition to a role in the identification of lesions that can determine secondary dementia, magnetic resonance techniques can accurately detect alterations, in cortical and subcortical gray and white matter, associated with neurodegenerative dementias, even in the prodromal stage (Pini et al, 2016). In particular, morphological MRI can visualize gray matter loss, diffusion tensor imaging can shed light on the structure of the white matter fibers, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can disclose metabolite changes related to the disease.…”

Section: Mr Morphometry Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias

Sole¹,

Malaspina²,

A³

2016

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SummaryNeuroimaging, both with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), has gained a pivotal role in the diagnosis of primary neurodegenerative diseases. These two techniques are used as biomarkers of both pathology and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to differentiate AD from other neurodegenerative diseases. MRI is able to identify structural changes including patterns of atrophy characterizing neurodegenerative diseases, and to distinguish these from other causes of cognitive impairment, e.g. infarcts, space-occupying lesions and hydrocephalus. PET is widely used to identify regional patterns of glucose utilization, since distinct patterns of distribution of cerebral glucose metabolism are related to different subtypes of neurodegenerative dementia. The use of PET in mild cognitive impairment, though controversial, is deemed helpful for predicting conversion to dementia and the dementia clinical subtype. Recently, new radiopharmaceuticals for the in vivo imaging of amyloid burden have been licensed and more tracers are being developed for the assessment of tauopathies and inflammatory processes, which may underlie the onset of the amyloid cascade. At present, the cerebral amyloid burden, imaged with PET, may help to exclude the presence of AD as well as forecast its possible onset. Finally PET imaging may be particularly useful in ongoing clinical trials for the development of dementia treatments. In the near future, the use of the above methods, in accordance with specific guidelines, along with the use of effective treatments will likely lead to more timely and successful treatment of neurodegenerative dementias.

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Brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease and aging

Cited by 636 publications

References 360 publications

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Mixed Dementia

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Mixed Dementia

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus in Adults

Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias

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