Brain cancer incidence in children: Time to look beyond the trends

Gurney, James G.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199908)33:2<110::aid-mpo9>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These markers link RMS to a skeletal muscle lineage, but it is distinctly possible that the tumor cell of origin may be a nonmyogenic cell . Furthermore, although RMS tumors commonly originate from within skeletal muscle, they can also develop from nonmuscle sites such as the salivary glands, skull base (parameninges), biliary tree, and genitourinary tract (bladder/prostate) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of impaired differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma

Keller

Guttridge²

2013

The FEBS Journal

104

110

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Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood with presumed origins of skeletal muscle because of its myogenic phenotype. RMS is composed of two main subtypes, embryonal RMS (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS). While eRMS histologically resembles embryonic skeletal muscle, the aRMS subtype is more aggressive and exhibits a poorer prognosis. In addition, whereas the genetic profile of eRMS is less established, aRMS is commonly associated with distinct chromosome translocations that fuse domains of transcription factors, Pax3 or Pax7 to FKHR (Foxo1A). Both eRMS and aRMS tumor cells express myogenic markers such as MyoD, but their ability to complete differentiation is impaired. How this impairment occurs is the subject of this review, which will focus on several themes that include signaling pathways that converge on Pax-FKHR gene targets, alterations in MyoD function, epigenetic modifications of myogenic promoters, and microRNAs whose expression patterns in RMS alter key regulatory circuits to help maintain tumor cells in an opportunistically less differentiated state.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of impaired differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma

Keller

Guttridge²

2013

The FEBS Journal

104

110

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“…Brain tumors constitute the second most common type of neoplasm among children [1]. The incidence of childhood brain tumors varies between 1.7 and 4.1/100,000 children annually and has been increasing for the last two decades [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased cerebrospinal fluid cleaved tau protein (C-tau) levels suggest axonal damage in pediatric patients with brain tumors

Cengiz

Zemlan

Eickhoff³

et al. 2015

Childs Nerv Syst

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Cerebrospinal fluid cleaved tau levels in children with newly diagnosed brain tumors exhibit markedly elevated cerebrospinal fluid cleaved tau levels, suggesting axonal damage. This axonal injury does not seem to correlate with lipid peroxidation at least when as assessed by cerebrospinal fluid 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid levels. There was no association found between the biomarkers and multiple independent variables obtained at pre- and post-tumor resection.

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“…The incidence rate of childhood tumors of the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord, hereafter referred to as childhood brain tumor (CBT), in the USA, Europe and Japan lies between 24 and 27 cases per million children per year [1,2]. The occurrence of CBT is highest in children under 5 years of age, and the relative 5-year survival rate from the time of diagnosis is 65% [3][4][5]. Similar to adult brain tumors, the majority of brain tumors in children are also gliomas, but histologically, childhood brain tumors differ markedly from cancers in adulthood [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the amount of nitrite used to cure meat has been reduced in the past two to three decades in most of the meats, this decrease does not correlate with the incidence of CBT. In fact, CBT occurrence has been reported to be increased by 35% in the US between 1973 and 1994, resulting likely from changes in diagnosis methods available [5,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review: dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors

Dietrich

Block

Pogoda

et al. 2005

Cancer Causes Control

102

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Maternal dietary exposure to N-nitroso compounds (NOC) or to their precursors during pregnancy has been associated with risk of childhood brain tumors. Cured meat is one source of exposure to dietary NOC and their precursors. Most epidemiological studies that have examined the role of maternal consumption of cured meats during pregnancy have found a significant positive association between maternal intake of cured meat and the risk of childhood brain tumor (CBT). NOC consist of two main groups, N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosamides. The carcinogenicity profiles of NOC suggest that N-nitrosamides rather than N-nitrosamines are the compounds that may be associated with CBT and that they should be investigated more closely in epidemiological studies. We present a review of the chemical and carcinogenic properties of NOC in connection with the findings of case-control studies. This approach may be helpful in determining the essential information that must be collected in future epidemiological studies on CBT.

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Brain cancer incidence in children: Time to look beyond the trends

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Mechanisms of impaired differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma

Mechanisms of impaired differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma

Increased cerebrospinal fluid cleaved tau protein (C-tau) levels suggest axonal damage in pediatric patients with brain tumors

A review: dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors

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