Brain Computer Interfaces in Rehabilitation Medicine

Abstract

One innovation currently influencing physical medicine and rehabilitation is brain–computer interface (BCI) technology. BCI systems used for motor control record neural activity associated with thoughts, perceptions, and motor intent; decode brain signals into commands for output devices; and perform the user's intended action through an output device. BCI systems used for sensory augmentation transduce environmental stimuli into neural signals interpretable by the central nervous system. Both types of systems have potential for reducing disability by facilitating a user's interaction with the environment. Investigational BCI systems are being used in the rehabilitation setting both as neuroprostheses to replace lost function and as potential plasticity‐enhancing therapy tools aimed at accelerating neurorecovery. Populations benefitting from motor and somatosensory BCI systems include those with spinal cord injury, motor neuron disease, limb amputation, and stroke. This article discusses the basic components of BCI for rehabilitation, including recording systems and locations, signal processing and translation algorithms, and external devices controlled through BCI commands. An overview of applications in motor and sensory restoration is provided, along with ethical questions and user perspectives regarding BCI technology.

Why brain-controlled neuroprosthetics matter: mechanisms underlying electrical stimulation of muscles and nerves in rehabilitation

“…Here, we will focus on the use of BCI systems to improve natural motor control through guiding activity-dependant plasticity that may be able to restore natural movements after neurological injuries. Use of BCI in rehabilitation for the purpose of improving motor function has gained considerable attention recently, with various applications summarized in comprehensive reviews elsewhere [ 20 , 30 , 72 , 112 ]. For instance, a recent randomized trial used BCI to guide motor imagery during rehabilitation after stroke [ 113 ].…”

“…While invasive BCI-FES applications can facilitate restoration of movements [ 2 , 22 ], non-invasive applications can be used for improving motor function through rehabilitation. Indeed, applications of BCI for improving motor function through rehabilitation are fast emerging [ 20 , 30 , 72 ]. Specifically, BCI systems translate brain signals into novel outputs, which can also be used to effectively synchronize cortical commands and movements generated by FES.…”

Playing a P300-based BCI VR game leads to changes in cognitive functions of healthy adults

“…While a lot of research of academic groups is focused on the medical field, investigating possible ways of diagnostics of neurological disorders, treatment procedures (Bockbrader et al, 2018) (in combination with simultaneous stimulation techniques (TMS, TdCS, etc)), and rehabilitation protocols for patients, affected by stroke, spinal cord injury, paralysis, plegia etc. ; companies are more dedicated to the development of a more user-friendly and convenient to use BCIs which can allow to monitor cognitive functions, mental control, attention levels etc.…”

Decoding Hand Motor Imagery Tasks Within the Same Limb From EEG Signals Using Deep Learning

“…A brain-computer interface (BCI) can decode brain activity and translate motor intention to commands that can control devices; such as a computer [1], a virtual keyboard [2], an orthosis [3], [4], a functional electrical stimulator (FES) [5]- [7], and assistive robots [8]- [10]. Non-invasive methods record brain activity generally, such as electroencephalography (EEG); it is the most commonly adopted technology owing to be practical and affordable in comparison with other methods [11].…”