Brain Imaging of Auditory Learning Functions in Rats: Studies with Fluorodeoxyglucose Autoradiography and Cytochrome Oxidase Histochemistry

González-Lima, Francisco

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2712-7_2

Cited by 69 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Utilization of the CO methodology allowed examination of neural circuits implicated in acrossdays learning of Pavlovian conditioning, as opposed to memory retrieval. As the neuronal energy demand to process and consolidate learned associations changes, so does the production of the CO enzyme (Wong-Riley, 1989, Gonzalez-Lima, 1992. Earlier findings from our laboratory have demonstrated that auditory fear conditioning in rats results in metabolic capacity changes in the auditory system, confirming that mapping CO metabolic activity using quantitative histochemistry can be used to examine sustained metabolic effects of behavioral training on the brain (Poremba et al, 1997, Poremba et al, 1998a, Poremba et al, 1998b.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Enhanced metabolic capacity of the frontal cerebral cortex after Pavlovian conditioning

Bruchey

González-Lima

2008

Neuroscience

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While Pavlovian conditioning alters stimulus-evoked metabolic activity in the cerebral cortex, less is known about the effects of Pavlovian conditioning on neuronal metabolic capacity. Pavlovian conditioning may increase prefrontal cortical metabolic capacity, as suggested by evidence of changes in cortical synaptic strengths, and evidence for a shift in memory initially processed in subcortical regions to more distributed prefrontal cortical circuits. Quantitative cytochrome oxidase histochemistry was used to measure cumulative changes in brain metabolic capacity associated with both cued and contextual Pavlovian conditioning in rats. The cued conditioned group received tonefootshock pairings to elicit a conditioned freezing response to the tone conditioned stimulus, while the contextually conditioned group received pseudorandom tone-footshock pairings in an excitatory context. Untrained control group was handled daily, but did not receive any tone presentations or footshocks. The cued conditioned group had higher cytochrome oxidase activity in the infralimbic and anterior cingulate cortex, and lower cytochrome oxidase activity in dorsal hippocampus than the other two groups. A significant increase in cytochrome oxidase activity was found in anterior cortical areas (medial, dorsal and lateral frontal cortex; agranular insular cortex; lateral and medial orbital cortex and prelimbic cortex) in both conditioned groups, as compared to the untrained control group. In addition, no differences in cytochrome oxidase activity in the somatosensory regions and the amygdala were detected among all groups. The findings indicate that cued and contextual Pavlovian conditioning induces sustained increases in frontal cortical neuronal metabolic demand resulting in regional enhancement in the metabolic capacity of anterior cortical regions. Enhanced metabolic capacity of these anterior cortical areas after Pavlovian conditioning suggests that the frontal cortex may play a role in the retention and regulation of learned associations. KeywordsCytochrome oxidase; hippocampus; amygdala; context Cytochrome oxidase (CO) metabolic brain mapping provides an alternative approach for investigating neural circuits mediating Pavlovian conditioning, and it is a well-suited method for quantifying more stable neuronal metabolic capacity changes that reflect prolonged training (Poremba et al., 1997, Poremba et al., 1998b, Poremba et al., 1998a, Sakata et al., 2000, Villarreal et al., 2002, Conejo et al., 2005, Sakata et al., 2005. CO changes in the brain after prolonged training reach a more stabilized state of oxidative metabolism, and techniques which measure evoked brain metabolic activity, such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) autoradiography, Corresponding author: F. Gonzalez-Lima, Dept. of Psychology, 1 University Station A8000, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0187, Telephone: 512 471-5895, Fax: 512 471-4728, E-mail: Gonzalez-lima@mail.utexas.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Enhanced metabolic capacity of the frontal cerebral cortex after Pavlovian conditioning

Bruchey

González-Lima

2008

Neuroscience

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“…The metabolism of glucose analogs such as 2-DG can be used to map membrane electrical activity changes maintained by the sodium/potassium pump (Gonzalez-Lima, 1992). Gonzalez-Lima and colleagues have used 2-DG and related analogs such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to image by autoradiography evoked neural activity to auditory conditioned stimuli following classical conditioning procedures in rodents (Gonzalez-Lima andScheich, 1984, 1986;Gonzalez-Lima, 1992;Gonzalez-Lima, 1995, 1998).…”

Section: -Dg Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging learning and memory: Classical conditioning

Schreurs

Alkon²

2001

Anat. Rec.

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“…Therefore, quantitative CO histochemistry is suitable to map the spatial location of neurons with different endpoints of CO enzymatic induction produced by different forms of learning, as shown in this and previous studies. Gonzalez-Lima (1992) introduced the use of quantitative CO histochemistry for the study of learning functions. The objective of using CO histochemistry for learning studies is different from that of studies with other techniques such as FDG, blood flow or fMRI.…”

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Functional networks underlying latent inhibition learning in the mouse brain

et al. 2007

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The present study reports the first comprehensive map of brain networks underlying latent inhibition learning and the first application of structural equation modeling to cytochrome oxidase data. In latent inhibition, repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a latent form of learning that inhibits subsequent associations with that stimulus. As neuronal energy demand to form learned associations changes, so does the induction of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Therefore, cytochrome oxidase can be used as an endpoint metabolic marker of the effects of experience on regional brain metabolic capacity. Quantitative cytochrome oxidase histochemistry was used to map brain regions in mice trained on a tone-footshock fear conditioning paradigm with either tone preexposure (latent inhibition), conditioning only (acquisition), conditioning followed by tone alone (extinction), or no handling or conditioning (naïve). The ventral cochlear nucleus, medial geniculate, CA1 hippocampus, and perirhinal cortex showed modified metabolic capacity due to latent inhibition. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the causal influences in an anatomical network of these regions and others thought to mediate latent inhibition, including the accumbens and entorhinal cortex. An uncoupling of ascending influences between auditory regions was observed in latent inhibition. There was also a reduced influence on the accumbens from the perirhinal cortex in both latent inhibition and extinction. The results suggest a specific network with a neural mechanism of latent inhibition that appears to involve sensory gating, as evidenced by modifications in metabolic capacity and effective connectivity between auditory regions and reduced perirhinal cortex influence on the accumbens. Keywords latent inhibition; metabolic mapping; structural equation modeling; cytochrome oxidase; sensory gating; perirhinal cortex; learning and memory In latent inhibition (LI), preexposure to a stimulus inhibits subsequent associations with that stimulus (Lubow and Moore, 1959). LI has been demonstrated in several behavioral paradigms in a variety of species, including humans, and is disrupted in schizophrenics (Lubow, 1989). Lesion and pharmacological studies have explored the neural mechanisms underlying LI and have identified several key brain regions. Conditioned drink suppression and eye blink conditioning studies demonstrated that lesions to the entorhinal cortex disrupt LI (Coutureau et al., 1999;Shohamy et al., 2000;Coutureau et al., 2002). Other studies using a conditioned Correspondence should be addressed to: Prof. F. Gonzalez-Lima, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712-0187, USA. Phone (512) Fax (512) 471-4728, email: gonzalez-lima@mail.utexas.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will under...

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Brain Imaging of Auditory Learning Functions in Rats: Studies with Fluorodeoxyglucose Autoradiography and Cytochrome Oxidase Histochemistry

Cited by 69 publications

References 107 publications

Enhanced metabolic capacity of the frontal cerebral cortex after Pavlovian conditioning

Enhanced metabolic capacity of the frontal cerebral cortex after Pavlovian conditioning

Imaging learning and memory: Classical conditioning

Functional networks underlying latent inhibition learning in the mouse brain

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