Brain injury and the eye

Hoyt, Creig S.

doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702849

Cited by 59 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…The visual dysfunctions associated with HI brain injury include strabismus, gaze palsy, nystagmus, optic atrophy, and restriction of the visual field (2,3), defective color vision (4,5), and reduced grating acuity (6). Visual loss associated with brain damage is currently the most common cause of visual impairment in children in developed countries, placing a major burden on ophthalmological and educational services in these countries (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic–ischemic retinal injury in rat pups

Huang

Hung

et al. 2012

Pediatr Res

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Background: Visual loss associated with brain damage, especially hypoxic-ischemic (hI) encephalopathy, is the most common cause of visual impairment in children in developed countries. We hypothesized that hI insults can cause long-term damage in immature eyes. Methods: In postnatal day 7 rat pups, hI was induced by unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia. Retina damage was assessed by electroretinography (eRG) and cell counting. Neuronal injury and astrogliosis were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling, cleaved caspase 3, eD1, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining. results: We observed rapid and persistently extensive injuries in the ganglia cell layer (GcL), inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer (INL) in ipsilateral retinas after hI injury, corresponding to the marked alteration in eRG. hI insult caused prominent microglial and Műller cell activation in ipsilateral inner retinas. Neuronal death in the GcL and INL after hI injury was mainly apoptotic, involving caspase-dependent pathways. conclusion: Our study demonstrated the first evidence of hI retinal damage at both the pathological and functional level using the Vannucci model in neonatal rats. Because retinal damage is often associated with hI injury, it is important to demonstrate that a particular neuroprotective strategy effectively preserves the retina in addition to the brain.

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confidence: 99%

Hypoxic–ischemic retinal injury in rat pups

Huang

Hung

et al. 2012

Pediatr Res

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“…Preterm birth carries a high risk for peri-or postnatal brain lesions, and brain damage is a common cause of visual impairment in children in developed countries (1). White matter damage (WMD) occurs in 30 to 50% of children born before 30-wk gestational age (GA) (2,3) or with a birth weight (BW) Ͻ1500 g (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Birth Weight Deviation and Early Postnatal Growth Are Related to Optic Nerve Morphology at School Age in Children Born Preterm

et al. 2010

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of early and later postnatal growth variables on optic disc morphology in children (n ϭ 53) born at gestational age Ͻ32 wk. On fundus photographs taken at a median age of 5.4 y, the optic discs were evaluated using digital image analysis and compared with those of a control group (n ϭ 203). The results were analyzed in relation to gestational age, birth weight (BW) SD score (SDS), IGF-1 weight at postmenstrual age 32 wk (SDS), and weight, length, and head circumference (SDS) at follow-up. The preterm children's optic disc and neuronal rim areas were smaller than in the control group. Low BW (SDS) and weight at wk 32 (SDS) were associated with larger area of the optic cup and reduced neuronal rim area. Preterm children with known brain lesions (n ϭ 6) had significantly larger cups than preterm children without known brain lesions. The association found between both low BW and poor early growth and later reduced neuronal tissue of the optic nerve indicate that early weight gain is important for neural development in preterm children. T he prematurely born infant is prone to neuronal and vascular tissue insults when born into extrauterine life during a sensitive period of maturation of the CNS, when synaptogenesis, apoptosis, myelination, reorganization, and vasculogenesis/angiogenesis take place.Preterm birth carries a high risk for peri-or postnatal brain lesions, and brain damage is a common cause of visual impairment in children in developed countries (1). White matter damage (WMD) occurs in 30 to 50% of children born before 30-wk gestational age (GA) (2,3) or with a birth weight (BW) Ͻ1500 g (4). Periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) is frequent in children born preterm and may cause visual impairment (5) and/or cerebral palsy (6). Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has been reported to occur in 61% of infants born before 34-wk GA (7). It may be associated with variable degrees of ischemia and WMD and can cause hydrocephalus that may further impair vision.Preterm birth as well as poor intrauterine 1 growth in fullterm babies has been shown to be associated with subnormal disc and neuronal rim areas of the optic nerve and with an abnormal retinal vessel pattern (8 -12). McLoone et al. (7) reported, in a group of preterm infants with IVH, a trend toward smaller optic disc, neuronal rim, and cup area with increasing severity of IVH, but only children with IVH grade IV were reported to have a significantly increased incidence of optic nerve hypoplasia. They found no association between the optic disc morphology and timing of brain injury. Large cups in normal-sized optic discs have been reported in preterm children with PVL born at GA Ͻ37 wk (12). In another study, children with PVL had a significantly smaller disc area if the damage was estimated to have occurred before 28 postmenstrual weeks and a larger cup of the optic disc and a smaller neuronal rim area if the cerebral WMD was estimated to have occurred later than 28 postmenstrual weeks (13). Children ...

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“…76 Despite the apparent selective white matter involvement on neuroimaging, however, these patients often have a more global brain injury, with many symptoms referable to higher cortical dysfunction. 253,254,262,264,265,463 As a corollary, children whose injury appears to be confined to the subcortical visual system on neuroimaging can still have significant cognitive visual disturbance. The general term cerebral visual loss gently but nonspecifically encompasses both entities, along with the temporary dysfunction of higher cortical centers that may define DVM (discussed below).…”

Section: Cortical Visual Insufficiencymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…138,178,197,262,264,481,485 The proportion of blindness in children attributable to this disorder has increased as a result of two major factors: (1) Advancement in neonatal medicine has saved the lives of an increasing number of premature infants and children with severe brain damage. (2) Advancement of ophthalmologic techniques to treat other causes of blindness in children, such as cataracts, has reduced the proportion of such children in schools for the blind.…”

Section: Cortical Visual Insufficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Apparently Blind Infant

Brodsky

2009

Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology

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Brain injury and the eye

Cited by 59 publications

References 51 publications

Hypoxic–ischemic retinal injury in rat pups

Hypoxic–ischemic retinal injury in rat pups

Birth Weight Deviation and Early Postnatal Growth Are Related to Optic Nerve Morphology at School Age in Children Born Preterm

The Apparently Blind Infant

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