Brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion learning: A review of the literature

Gaston, Karen E.

doi:10.3758/bf03326736

Cited by 135 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Gaston 1978;McFarland, Kostas & Drew 1978;McGowan, Hankins & Garcia 1972;Miller, Elkins & Peacock 1971;Murphy & Brown 1974). However, it does seem clear that amygdala lesions drastically interfere with learned taste aversions, suggesting that the amygdalar complex may include a specialized area critical at least for the identification of a solution as being novel, and hence essential for the formation of normal learned taste aversions (Ashe & Nachman 1980;Gaston 1978;McGowan, et al 1972). Whether the memory of novel flavors that have been consumed is maintained in the amygdala complex is uncertain, but the possibility should be entertained.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations across time: The hippocampus as a temporary memory store

1985

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All recent memory theories of hippocampal function have incorporated the idea that the hippocampus is required to process items only of some qualitatively specifiahle kind, and is not required to process items of some complementary set. In contrast, it is now proposed that the hippocampus is needed to process stimuli of all kinds, but only when there is a need to associate those stimuli with other events that are temporally discontiguous. In order to form or use temporally discontiguous associations, it is essential to maintain some memory of the first component until the second component has occurred. When the temporal gap to he spanned is small, and the number of items to be temporarily retained is low, a limited-capacity, short-term store is sufficient to allow associations to be formed. Such a store is presumed to operate in parallel with the hippocampus in normal animals. Hippocampal damage disrupts a much higher-capacity store that has a slower decay rate, and so leaves animals with only a very limited ability to form temporally discontiguous associations. Hippocampal damage, however, is not held to affect the long-term storage of associations of any kind, if they can be formed. Analyses of both new and existing data are presented to show that by classifying tasks in terms of the need to use a temporary memory store to retain temporally discontiguous information one can cut right across existing classifications as well as achieve a better fit to the data. The hippocampus thus seems best described as a high-capacity, intermediate-term memory store.

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Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations across time: The hippocampus as a temporary memory store

1985

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“…Bures et al cite work on cortical spreading depression (CSD), including studies on taste aversion, in support of their position. However, Gaston (1978), in her review of taste aversion learning, points to possible artifacts of the spreading depression procedure and cautions against drawing too broad a conclusion from CSD findings. The argument of Bures et al that split-brain studies are to be preferred to hemispheric lesion studies because of greater reliability is questionable and also misses the point.…”

Section: Brain Symmetry or Asymmetry At The Population Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemispheric laterality in animals and the effects of early experience

1981

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A review of research with chicks, songbirds, rodents, and nonhuman primates indicates that the brain is lateralized for a number of behavioral functions. These findings can be understood in terms of three hypothetical brain processes derived from a brain model based on general systems theory: hemispheric activation, interhemispheric inhibition, and interhemispheric coupling.Left-hemisphere activation occurs in songbirds and nonhuman primates in response to salient auditory or visual input, or when a communicative output is required. The right hemisphere is activated in rats when spatial performance is required, and in chicks when they are placed in an emotion-provoking situation. In rats and chicks interhemispheric activation and inhibition occur when there is an affective component in the environment (novelty, aversive conditioning) or when an emotional response is emitted (copulation, attack, killing). An interhemispheric coupling (correlation) found in rats and rabbits implies that the hemispheres are two major components in a control system with a negative feedback loop. Early-experience variables in rats can induce laterality in a symmetric brain or facilitate its development in an already biased brain.It is predicted that functional lateralization, when present, will be similar across species: the left hemisphere will tend to be involved in communicative functions while the right hemisphere will respond to spatial and affective information; both hemispheres will often interact via activation-inhibition mechanisms when affective or emotional processes are involved. Homologous brain areas and their connecting callosal fibers must be intact at birth and must remain intact throughout development for lateralization to reach its maximum level. Injury to any portion of this unit will result in hemispheric redundancy rather than specialization. One major function of early experience is to provide stimulation during development, which acts to enhance the growth and development of the corpus callosum, thereby giving rise to a more specialized brain.

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“…Only 10-20% of birds avoided the control lure in the test, indicating that the majority of birds had learned the specific association of the previously experienced lure with later sickness. It should be noted that by contrast with previous demonstrations of conditioned aversion (Gaston, 1977;1978) the stimulus paired with illness was a dry bead rather than a flavoured andlor coloured solution, thus ruling out the possibility that the association of pecking at bead with subsequent sickness was the result of delayed, rehearsed, or continued taste responses, as has sometimes been suggested to account for the sicknessinduced learning phenomenon (e.g. Revusky, 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Glycoprotein Synthesis Is Necessary for Memory of Sickness‐Induced Learning in Chicks

Barber

Gilbert

Rose

1989

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Can current biochemical models of memory account for sickness-induced learning? We show that chicks can form an association between pecking a coloured but tasteless lure and becoming ill (LiCl, i.p.) 30 min later. We go on to demonstrate amnesia for this association, induced by intracranial administration of 2-deoxygalactose (10 micromole per hemisphere, in a 10 microl vol), an inhibitor of the synthesis of glycoproteins of the synaptic membrane, 10 min before pecking. Further, we show that this 2-deoxygalactose-induced amnesia is not state dependent. Thus the brain representation of the lure must be held, and require macromolecular syntheses, similar to those found in other forms of learning, for a considerable time before it can be associated with new significant experience. This is incompatible with contiguous synaptic firing views of memory.

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Brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion learning: A review of the literature

Cited by 135 publications

References 92 publications

Associations across time: The hippocampus as a temporary memory store

Associations across time: The hippocampus as a temporary memory store

Hemispheric laterality in animals and the effects of early experience

Glycoprotein Synthesis Is Necessary for Memory of Sickness‐Induced Learning in Chicks

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