Brain on fire: an imaging-based review of autoimmune encephalitis

Ball, Christopher; Fisicario, Ryan; Morris, Lee C.; White, Andrew C.; Pacicco, Thomas; Raj, Karuna M.; Agarwal, Amit Kumar; Lee, Wan-Ching; Yu, Fang

doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.12.011

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 59 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…8 Enhancement and restricted diffusion corresponding to the areas of T2/FLAIR hyperintensities are relatively uncommon in autoimmune encephalitis and when present, usually only involve a small portion of the overall areas with T2/FLAIR signal abnormality. 20,21 While fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) of the brain may be valuable in detecting regional hyper-or hypometabolism that can be seen in several subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis, PET findings are often highly variable and currently play an ancillary role to MR in the workup of autoimmune encephalitis. 22,23 The major clinical and imaging findings of autoimmune encephalitis are often nonspecific and demonstrate considerable overlap not only among different subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis, but also among various other infectious, inflammatory, or toxic-metabolic encephalitides.…”

Section: General Clinical and Imaging Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, many other extralimbic CNS structures including the extralimbic cortices, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord may also be affected in various subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis, manifesting as clinical symptoms and T2/FLAIR signal abnormalities corresponding to these regions 8 . Enhancement and restricted diffusion corresponding to the areas of T2/FLAIR hyperintensities are relatively uncommon in autoimmune encephalitis and when present, usually only involve a small portion of the overall areas with T2/FLAIR signal abnormality 20,21 . While fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG‐PET) of the brain may be valuable in detecting regional hyper‐ or hypometabolism that can be seen in several subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis, PET findings are often highly variable and currently play an ancillary role to MR in the workup of autoimmune encephalitis 22,23 …”

Section: General Clinical and Imaging Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Autoimmune‐mediated encephalitis and mimics: A neuroimaging review

Liang

Chu

Kuoy

et al. 2022

Journal of Neuroimaging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Autoimmune encephalitis is a category of autoantibody‐mediated neurological disorders that often presents a diagnostic challenge due to its variable clinical and imaging findings. The purpose of this image‐based review is to provide an overview of the major subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis and their associated autoantibodies, discuss their characteristic clinical and imaging features, and highlight several disease processes that may mimic imaging findings of autoimmune encephalitis. A literature search on autoimmune encephalitis was performed and publications from neuroradiology, neurology, and nuclear medicine literature were included. Cases from our institutional database that best exemplify major imaging features were presented.

show abstract

Section: General Clinical and Imaging Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Clinical and Imaging Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmune‐mediated encephalitis and mimics: A neuroimaging review

Liang

Chu

Kuoy

et al. 2022

Journal of Neuroimaging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Für die ausführliche Diskussion der Rolle der zerebralen MRT bei Autoimmunenzephalitiden sei auf Übersichtsarbeiten in der Literatur verwiesen [4,51,52].…”

Section: Zerebrale Mrtunclassified

FDG-PET-Bildgebung der limbischen Enzephalitis

Buchert¹,

Rauer²,

Meyer³

2022

Angewandte Nuklearmedizin

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bei der limbischen Enzephalitis liefert die zerebrale FDG-PET essenzielle Informationen zur Unterstützung von Diagnose, Prognose und Therapiekontrolle. Mit zunehmender Bedeutung der limbischen Enzephalitis als „not to miss“-Diagnose wird der Stellenwert der zerebralen FDG-PET bei dieser Fragestellung weiter steigen. Zudem kommt der FDG-PET-Ganzkörperaufnahme bei Verdacht auf eine paraneoplastische Genese und unauffälligem Tumorscreening in den Routineuntersuchungen eine Schlüsselrolle zu.

show abstract

“…Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, which is a severe neuroautoimmune disorder, initially manifests as seizures, psychobehavioral abnormalities, and cognitive dysfunction ( 1 ). In most cases, treatment with steroids and immunoglobulins is effective ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been found to play an important role in several nervous system diseases. However, their role in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible role of NETs in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Materials and methodsEleven patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and ten healthy participants were enrolled. Plasma NETs levels were detected using an immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, we examined 10 plasma cytokines in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and analyzed the correlation between citrullinated histone 3 levels and cytokine release. ResultsPeripheral blood neutrophils from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were more susceptible to NET generation. When compared with controls, cases of anti-NMDAR encephalitis showed elevated levels of IL-1 α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, MCP-1, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Moreover, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels were positively correlated with H3Cit levels.ConclusionWe provide evidence that NETs may play a role in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, providing clues for elucidation of the pathogenesis of this disease.

show abstract

Brain on fire: an imaging-based review of autoimmune encephalitis

Cited by 12 publications

References 59 publications

Autoimmune‐mediated encephalitis and mimics: A neuroimaging review

Autoimmune‐mediated encephalitis and mimics: A neuroimaging review

FDG-PET-Bildgebung der limbischen Enzephalitis

Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About