Brain perivascular macrophages: Recent advances and implications in health and diseases

Yang, Tuo; Guo, Ruiming; Zhang, Feng

doi:10.1111/cns.13263

Cited by 76 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(210 reference statements)

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“…The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic and complex neurovascular unit, which protects the brain parenchyma from the influence of circulatory factors and regulates and maintains the internal environment stability of central nervous system. A stable internal environment is necessary for normal nerve function 1,2 . Damage to the blood‐brain barrier is a major part of the pathophysiological process of many nervous system diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, cerebral small vessel disease, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy 3‐12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood‐brain barrier

2020

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The blood‐brain barrier is a dynamic and complex neurovascular unit that protects neurons from somatic circulatory factors as well as regulates the internal environmental stability of the central nervous system. Endothelial glycocalyx is a critical component of an extended neurovascular unit that influences the structure of the blood‐brain barrier and plays various physiological functions, including an important role in maintaining normal neuronal homeostasis. Specifically, glycocalyx acts in physical and charge barriers, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation. Since intact glycocalyx is necessary to maintain the stability and integrity of the internal environment of the blood‐brain barrier, damage to glycocalyx can lead to the dysfunction of the blood‐brain barrier. This review discusses the role of glycocalyx in the context of the substantial literature regarding the blood‐brain barrier research, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases as well as point to new breakthroughs and innovations in glycocalyx‐dependent blood‐brain barrier function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood‐brain barrier

2020

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“…The bone marrow‐derived monocytes (BMDMs) can affect the BBB integrity and control immune infiltration by releasing related cytokines during stroke, whereby exacerbating BBB injury 127 . Macrophages and DCs are found in the perivascular space between the endothelial and parenchymal basement membranes under inflammation, then help to activate lymphocytes that subsequently breach the BBB 152‐154 . The activated mast cells can also produce various proinflammatory mediators, such as histamine, chymase, tryptase, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐13, which activate MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, thus altering BBB permeability 155,156 .…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Peripheral Inflammation‐induced Bbb Disruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activated mast cells can also produce various proinflammatory mediators, such as histamine, chymase, tryptase, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐13, which activate MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, thus altering BBB permeability 155,156 . Actually, myeloid cells, including monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and activated microglia, are highly plastic depending on the environment such as interaction with ischemic neurovascular unit during late repair phase of stroke, which can be potential immunotherapeutic targets 154,157,158 …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Peripheral Inflammation‐induced Bbb Disruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral inflammation and blood–brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms

2020

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiological barrier that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation, which contains inflammatory mediators and immune cells. The BBB regulates cellular and molecular exchange between the blood vessels and brain parenchyma. Normal functioning of the BBB is crucial for the homeostasis and proper function of the brain. It has been demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can disrupt the BBB by various pathways, resulting in different CNS diseases. Recently, clinical research also showed CNS complications following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy, which both lead to a cytokine storm in the circulation. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the BBB disruption induced by peripheral inflammation will provide an important basis for protecting the CNS in the context of exacerbated peripheral inflammatory diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the physiological properties of the BBB that makes the CNS an immune‐privileged organ. We then discuss the relevance of peripheral inflammation‐induced BBB disruption to various CNS diseases. Finally, we elaborate various factors and mechanisms of peripheral inflammation that disrupt the BBB.

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“…The PVS is populated by a variety of APCs, including specialized perivascular macrophages [61]. Although disputed, the presence of perivascular macrophages has been reported in the PVS of white matter venules [62]. The compartmentalization of T RM cells in the PVS could be mediated by their signature surface markers.…”

Section: The Pvs As a Physiological T Rm -Cell Niche In White Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

Perivascular tissue resident memory T cells as therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis

Smolders

Fransen

Hsiao

et al. 2020

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by inflammatory attacks of infiltrating leukocytes at onset but evolves into a smoldering, progressive disease within the central nervous system at its later stages. The authors discuss the contribution of white matter lesions to the pathology of advanced MS, thereby paying particular attention to the role of T cells. Areas covered: Diagnostic biopsy and autopsy studies of white matter lesions in early MS show different pathological patterns of demyelination and leukocyte infiltration. Brain autopsies from advanced MS display substantial inflammation without distinct patterns and suggest a role for perivascular CD8 + tissue-resident memory T (T RM) cells in active and mixed active/inactive MS white matter lesions. When compared to control and normal-appearing white matter, these lesions are enriched for parenchymal CD8 + T cells. In the perivascular space, cuffs containing CD8 + T RM cells are observed also in progressive MS, and could be sites of local reactivation. Expert opinion: Recent findings point toward the perivascular space as an immunological hotspot, which could be targeted in order to suppress a contribution of T RM cells to ongoing white matter lesion activity in advanced progressive MS. The authors discuss approaches, which may be explored to suppress T RM-cell reactivation in the perivascular space.

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Brain perivascular macrophages: Recent advances and implications in health and diseases

Cited by 76 publications

References 91 publications

Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood‐brain barrier

Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood‐brain barrier

Peripheral inflammation and blood–brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms

Perivascular tissue resident memory T cells as therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis

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