Brain-printing biometrics underlying mechanism as an early diagnostic technique for Alzheimer's disease neurodegenerative type

Abstract

Early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), is essential for implementing the appropriate treatment protocols and controlling disease progression. Early AD diagnosis helps patients achieve the best therapeutic outcomes, lessening irreversible neurodegenerative damage and severe cognitive decline. The measurement of brain waves and structural modifications, including gray/white matter and brain volume, have recently been considered a promising approach for brain biometrics because of the inherent specificity, degree of confidentiality, and reproducibility. Brain printing biometrics (BPB) is thus becoming more commonly considered as tool for early AD detection. This review proposes using BPB as a tool for the detection of AD prior to the appearance of persistent hallmark depositions, including Aβ and tau protein aggregations in different brain regions. It also describes BPB authentication, a method of implementation, as well as potential outcomes.

Assessing the role of primary healthy microglia and gap junction blocker in hindering Alzheimer’s disease neuroinflammatory type: Early approaches for therapeutic intervention

“…Alzheimer’s disease is highly characterized by cognitive dysfunction associated with the accumulation of characteristic hallmarks, including extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein ( Block et al, 2007 ; Anwar and Özkan, 2021 ). These characteristic hallmarks are used in the early diagnosis of AD and act as a driving neuroinflammatory factor leading to neuronal death and cerebral atrophy ( Block et al, 2007 ; Selkoe, 2011 ; Anwar, 2021a ). Our results revealed that following the induction of AD inflammatory type in rats by the single ICV injection of LPS, both types of AD hallmark depositions were recognized in different regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, spinal cord, and CSF.…”

The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology

“…5,14 During healthy homeostatic balanced conditions, microglia cells support neuronal functions and maintain connectivity. 14,15 Additionally, the main roles of microglia cells also involve maintaining myelin homeostasis, synaptic pruning, and tissue surveillance. 5,14 Upon instant viral invasion, microglia cells were found to be heavily activated and shifted from the balanced homeostatic phase to their enlarged cell body phenotype with various retracted cell processes.…”

Hepatic and cardiac implications of increased toxic amyloid-beta serum level in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in rats: new insights into alleviating therapeutic interventions

“…Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of aging-related neurological disorders that manifests in the form of personal behavior changes, irritability, memory loss, and cognitive dysfunctions (Heneka et al 2015 ; Uddin et al 2022 ). The pathological drawbacks of AD are related to severe neuronal death that results in a major reduction of the brain’s volume, synaptic transmissions, and metabolic capacity (Toral-Rios et al 2020 ; Anwar 2021 , 2021a ; Xia et al 2020 ). Neuroinflammatory AD-associated neuronal death is mainly manifested due to tau and Aβ depositions resulting in an abnormal metabolic system and exaggerated apoptosis.…”