Brain size and cerebral glucose metabolic rate in nonspecific mental retardation and down syndrome

Haier, Richard J.; Chueh, Daniel; Touchette, Paul E.; Lott, Ira T.; Buchsbaum, Monte S.; MacMillan, Donald L.; Sandman, Curt A.; LaCasse, Lori; Sosa, Errol

doi:10.1016/0160-2896(95)90032-2

Cited by 54 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Whether these areas are unique to pre-clinical AD in DS or represent a very early stage of AD in general can not yet be determined, although there is some VBM evidence of caudate and thalamus atrophy in AD (Karas, Burton et al 2003). Increased regional GMR is also consistent with earlier PET studies showing higher GMR related to poor or inefficient performance of complex cognitive tasks (Haier, Siegel et al 1988;Haier, Siegel et al 1992;Haier 1993;Haier, Chueh et al 1995).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Since middle-aged people with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk for dementia thought to be of the Alzheimer's type (Wisniewski, Dalton et al 1985;Oliver and Holland 1986;Lott and Head 2001), structural or metabolic brain changes in DS, especially in the temporal lobes and/or posterior cingulate, may predict the onset of dementia. There is some functional brain imaging evidence to support this view (Schapiro, Ball et al 1988;Deb, de Silva et al 1992;Haier, Chueh et al 1995;Dani, Pietrini et al 1996;Pietrini, Dani et al 1997). However, these studies showed inconsistent results, often based on small sample sizes (and often without normal controls), and relied on early PET imaging techniques lacking cognitive activation and/ or precise anatomical localization of findings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Earlier PET work comparing young and old, non-demented DS adults showed GMR differences only during an activation condition and not during a rest (no-task) condition (Pietrini, Dani et al 1997), and the CPT was used in our previous PET study of DS (Haier, Chueh et al 1995). This test required the subject to watch single digits in random order flash on a screen with the instruction to press a button each time a zero appeared (20%).…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroimaging of individuals with Down’s syndrome at-risk for dementia: Evidence for possible compensatory events

Haier

Head

et al. 2008

NeuroImage

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroimaging of individuals with Down’s syndrome at-risk for dementia: Evidence for possible compensatory events

Haier

Head

et al. 2008

NeuroImage

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“…Haier et al (1995) tested the brain efficiency hypothesis by using MRI to measure brain volume and glucose metabolic rate to measure 253 RACE DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE ABILITY glucose uptake (an indicator of energy use). They found a correlation of -.58 between glucose metabolic rate and IQ, suggesting that more intelligent individuals have more efficient brains because they use less energy in performing a given cognitive task.…”

Section: Race Differences In Cognitive Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.

Rushton¹,

Jensen²

2005

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

376

405

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The culture-only (0% genetic-100% environmental) and the hereditarian (50% genetic-50% environmental) models of the causes of mean Black-White differences in cognitive ability are compared and contrasted across 10 categories of evidence: the worldwide distribution of test scores, g factor of mental ability, heritability, brain size and cognitive ability, transracial adoption, racial admixture, regression, related life-history traits, human origins research, and hypothesized environmental variables. The new evidence reviewed here points to some genetic component in Black-White differences in mean IQ. The implication for public policy is that the discrimination model (i.e., Black-White differences in socially valued outcomes will be equal barring discrimination) must be tempered by a distributional model (i.e., Black-White outcomes reflect underlying group characteristics). Section 1: BackgroundThroughout the history of psychology, no question has been so persistent or so resistant to resolution as that of the relative roles of nature and nurture in causing individual and group differences in cognitive ability (Degler, 1991;Loehlin, Lindzey, & Spuhler, 1975). The scientific debate goes back to the mid-19th century (e.g., Galton, 1869;Nott & Glidden, 1854). Starting with the widespread use of standardized mental tests in World War I, average ethnic and racial group differences were found. Especially vexing has been the cause(s) of the 15-point Black-White IQ difference in the United States.In 1969, the Harvard Educational Review published Arthur Jensen's lengthy article, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and School Achievement?" Jensen concluded that (a) IQ tests measure socially relevant general ability; (b) individual differences in IQ have a high heritability, at least for the White populations of the United States and Europe; (c) compensatory educational programs have proved generally ineffective in raising the IQs or school achievement of individuals or groups; (d) because social mobility is linked to ability, social class differences in IQ probably have an appreciable genetic component; and tentatively, but most controversially, (e) the mean Black-White group difference in IQ probably has some genetic component. Jensen's (1969) article was covered in Time, Newsweek, Life, U.S. News & World Report, and New York Times Magazine. His conclusions, the theoretical issues they raised, and the public policy recommendations that many saw as stemming directly from them were dubbed "Jensenism," a term which entered the J. Philippe Rushton, Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Arthur R. Jensen, School of Education, University of California, Berkeley.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to J. Philippe Rushton, Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. E-mail: rushton@uwo.ca Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2005, Vol. 11, No. 2, 235-294 Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association 1076-8971/0...

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“…Aberrant fiber tracts in left posterior temporo-parietal cortices covary with children's and adults' reading skills, with higher fractional anisotropy and coherence indexes coinciding with better reading skill (Deutsch et al, 2005; Klingberg et al, 2000). Likewise, failures in neural pruning might produce overabundant synaptic connections in a cortical region, contributing to increased neural activity in this region (Haier et al, 1995). However, thicker myelin sheaths and larger axon diameters account for greater white matter volume in normal readers' left posterior STG, providing efficient neural conduction in the left STG (Golestani et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural substrates related to auditory working memory comparisons in dyslexia: An fMRI study

Conway

Heilman

Gopinath

et al. 2008

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Adult readers with developmental phonological dyslexia exhibit significant difficulty comparing pseudowords and pure tones in auditory working memory (AWM). This suggests deficient AWM skills for adults diagnosed with dyslexia. Despite behavioral differences, it is unknown whether neural substrates of AWM differ between adults diagnosed with dyslexia and normal readers. Prior neuroimaging of adults diagnosed with dyslexia and normal readers, and post-mortem findings of neural structural anomalies in adults diagnosed with dyslexia support the hypothesis of atypical neural activity in temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions during AWM tasks in adults diagnosed with dyslexia. We used fMRI during two binaural AWM tasks (pseudowords or pure tones comparisons) in adults diagnosed with dyslexia (n = 11) and normal readers (n = 11). For both AWM tasks, adults diagnosed with dyslexia exhibited greater activity in left posterior superior temporal (BA 22) and inferior parietal regions (BA 40) than normal readers. Comparing neural activity between groups and between stimuli contrasts (pseudowords vs. tones), adults diagnosed with dyslexia showed greater primary auditory cortex activity (BA 42; tones > pseudowords) than normal readers. Thus, greater activity in primary auditory, posterior superior temporal, and inferior parietal cortices during linguistic and non-linguistic AWM tasks for adults diagnosed with dyslexia compared to normal readers indicate differences in neural substrates of AWM comparison tasks.

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Brain size and cerebral glucose metabolic rate in nonspecific mental retardation and down syndrome

Cited by 54 publications

References 44 publications

Neuroimaging of individuals with Down’s syndrome at-risk for dementia: Evidence for possible compensatory events

Neuroimaging of individuals with Down’s syndrome at-risk for dementia: Evidence for possible compensatory events

Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.

Neural substrates related to auditory working memory comparisons in dyslexia: An fMRI study

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