Brain weight throughout the life span of the chimpanzee

Herndon, James G.; Tigges, Johannes; Anderson, Daniel C.; Klumpp, Sherry A.; McClure, Harold M.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990712)409:4<567::aid-cne4>3.3.co;2-a

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In Europe, the average life span is 73.7 years for men and 83.8 years for women (Fernandez-Ballesteros et al, 1999). Similar differences have been described in several animal species (Smith, 1989), such as rats (Rollo et al, 2002), ungulates like the red deer (Carranza et al, 2004), marsupials like the northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus; Humphries and Stevens, 2001) and primates like the chimpanzee (Herndon et al, 1999). However, in most mouse strains there are no differences between genders, and the same occurs in some primates like Sumatran orangutan (Wich and et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Evaluation of sex differences on mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis in mice

Sanz

Hiona

Kujoth

et al. 2007

Experimental Gerontology

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SummaryIt has been postulated that the differences in longevity observed between organisms of different sexes within a species can be attributed to differences in oxidative stress. It is generally accepted that differences are due to the higher female estrogen levels. However, in some species males live the same or longer despite their lower estrogen values. Therefore, in the present study, we analyze key parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the B6 (C57Bl/6J) mouse strain. There are no differences between males and females in this mouse strain, although estrogen levels are higher in females. We did not find any differences in heart, skeletal muscle and liver mitochondrial oxygen consumption (State 3 and State 4) and ATP content between male and female mice. Moreover, mitochondrial H 2 O 2 generation and oxidative stress levels determined by cytosolic protein carbonyls and concentration of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in mitochondrial DNA were similar in both sexes. In addition, markers of apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-9 and mono-and oligonucleosomes: the apoptosis index) were not different between male and female mice. These data show that there are no differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress and apoptosis due to gender in this mouse strain according with the lack of differences in longevity. These results support the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Ageing, and indicate that oxidative stress generation independent of estrogen levels determines ageing rate.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Evaluation of sex differences on mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis in mice

Sanz

Hiona

Kujoth

et al. 2007

Experimental Gerontology

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“…A study that examined chimpanzee postmortem brain weights demonstrated a moderated loss of about 0.79 g/y. 116 A study based on MRI detected loss of gray and white matter volume. 50 The statistics were driven by a few very old chimps (>50 yo); however, gray matter volume decline in female chimps was still significant even when very old chimps were removed from the analysis.…”

Section: Nervous System Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes

2015

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The great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. Despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. Common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. Humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain volume, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral vascular disease occurs in both humans and apes. Cardiovascular disease mortality increases in aging humans and apes, but coronary atherosclerosis is the most significant type in humans. In captive apes, idiopathic myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy predominate, with arteriosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries. Similar cardiac lesions are occasionally seen in wild apes. Vascular changes in heart and kidneys and aortic dissections in gorillas and bonobos suggest that hypertension may be involved in pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease is common in elderly humans and some aging apes and is linked with cardiovascular disease in orangutans. Neoplasms common to aging humans and apes include uterine leiomyomas in chimpanzees, but other tumors of elderly humans, such as breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, are uncommon in apes. Among the apes, chimpanzees have been best studied in laboratory settings, and more comparative research is needed into the pathology of geriatric zoo-housed and wild apes. Increasing longevity of humans and apes makes understanding aging processes and diseases imperative for optimizing quality of life in all the ape species.

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“…The apes were selected to provide a sample covering the adult age range of the species. In our colony, the maximum age attained by a chimpanzee was 59 years, and the mean survival of females is about 25 years (Herndon et al 1999). The apes are housed in small groups of compatible individuals and are trained to cooperate with clinical examinations and scientific study.…”

Section: Subjects and Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Herndon

Paredes

Wilson

et al. 2011

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Menopause in women occurs at mid-life. Chimpanzees, in contrast, continue to display cycles of menstrual bleeding and genital swelling, suggestive of ovulation, until near their maximum life span of about 60 years. Because ovulation was not confirmed hormonally, however, the age at which chimpanzees experience menopause has remained uncertain. In the present study, we provide hormonal data from urine samples collected from 30 female chimpanzees, of which 9 were old (>30 years), including 2 above the age of 50 years. Eight old chimpanzees showed clear endocrine evidence of ovulation, as well as cycles of genital swelling that correlated closely with measured endocrine changes. Endocrine evidence thus confirms prior observations (cyclic anogenital swelling) that menopause is a late-life event in the chimpanzee. We also unexpectedly discovered an idiopathic anovulation in some young and middle-aged chimpanzees; this merits further study. Because our results on old chimpanzees validate the use of anogenital swelling as a surrogate index of ovulation, we were able to combine data on swelling and urinary hormones to provide the first estimates of age-specific rates of menopause in chimpanzees. We conclude that menopause occurs near 50 years of age in chimpanzees as it does in women. Our finding identifies a basic difference between the human and chimpanzee aging processes: female chimpanzees can remain reproductively viable for a greater proportion of their life span than women. Thus, while menopause marks the end of the chimpanzee's life span, women may thrive for decades more.

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Brain weight throughout the life span of the chimpanzee

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluation of sex differences on mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis in mice

Evaluation of sex differences on mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis in mice

Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

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