Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors

Lund, James P.; Kolta, Arlette; Westberg, Karl-Gunnar; Scott, G

doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80113-x

Cited by 147 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Early studies showed that stimulation of the RF resulted in motor responses (Magoun & Rhines 1946); electrical stimulation of specific mRF regions can elicit locomotion ( Kinjo et al 1990;Whelan 1996). Neurons within other regions of the mRF are critical for the maintenance of posture (Mori 1987), the control of feeding behaviours ( Lund et al 1998) and the generation of eye movements (Moschovakis et al 1996). In a comprehensive review, Siegel (1979) found that multiple competencies were attributed to the mRF because its neural activity correlated with a wide range of responses to stimuli and with naturally occurring behaviours.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a brainstem substrate for action selection?

Humphries

Gurney

Prescott

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The search for the neural substrate of vertebrate action selection has focused on structures in the forebrain and midbrain, and particularly on the group of sub-cortical nuclei known as the basal ganglia. Yet, the behavioural repertoire of decerebrate and neonatal animals suggests the existence of a relatively self-contained neural substrate for action selection in the brainstem. We propose that the medial reticular formation (mRF) is the substrate's main component and review evidence showing that the mRF's inputs, outputs and intrinsic organization are consistent with the requirements of an action-selection system. The internal architecture of the mRF is composed of interconnected neuron clusters. We present an anatomical model which suggests that the mRF's intrinsic circuitry constitutes a small-world network and extend this result to show that it may have evolved to reduce axonal wiring. Potential configurations of action representation within the internal circuitry of the mRF are then assessed by computational modelling. We present new results demonstrating that each cluster's output is most likely to represent activation of a component action; thus, coactivation of a set of these clusters would lead to the coordinated behavioural response observed in the animal. Finally, we consider the potential integration of the basal ganglia and mRF substrates for selection and suggest that they may collectively form a layered/hierarchical control system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a brainstem substrate for action selection?

Humphries

Gurney

Prescott

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…10 Homothetic changes of the masticatory path with the alterations of the masticatory movement according to changes in the food texture have been reported. [11][12][13][14] Then, a constant relation between variations of the masticatory path and the amount of vertical and lateral movement may be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Amount of Incisal Point Movement and Variations of Path in Chewing

Shiga

Kobayashi

Arakawa

et al. 2008

Prosthodont Res. Pract.

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This study confirms that the amount of masticatory movement has an influence over variations of the masticatory path, and that there is a proportional relation between the amount of movement and variations of the masticatory path. AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this experiment was to clarify the effect of amount of masticatory movement on variation of path of mandibular incisor point.Methods: Forty healthy subjects were asked to chew softened chewing gum on their habitual side. For the 10 cycles from the fifth cycle of mastication, the opening distance (amount of vertical movement) and the masticatory width (amount of lateral movement) as the indicators representing the amount of masticatory movement, and the standard deviations of the lateral opening, lateral closing, and vertical compoments as indicators representing the variations of the masticatory path were calculated. The relationship between the indicators for the amount of movement and indicators for variations of the masticatory path were investigated. Results:The values of indicators for variations of the masticatory path were large when the opening distance was large, and there was a significant positive correlation between the two (r =0.508-0.685, P <0.01). There was no correlation between the masticatory width and the indicators for variations of the masticatory path.

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“…It is generally agreed that muscle activity for the basic pattern of rhythmical alteration of jaw-closing and jawopening movements is generated by central pattern generators (CPG) in the brain stem. 6 However, mastication is a behavior that has to adapt to environmental demands through the mediation of inputs to the CPG, which is highly dependent upon orofacial sensory afferents, and this modification can be carried out by interacting via reflex circuits on the motor neurons. 6,20 Therefore, jaw reflex studies can be useful to investigate alterations of sensorimotor processing in masticatory performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 In the masticatory system, the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) has been widely studied, and a number of studies suggest a relationship between JOR and masticatory function. During mastication, the phase-dependent modulatory mode of the JOR is thought to play an important role in regulating jaw movement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During mastication, the phase-dependent modulatory mode of the JOR is thought to play an important role in regulating jaw movement. 6,8 Recently, it is interesting that jaw reflex properties change remarkably with development and involve the learning process. Jaw reflexes are maturing as the child continues to acquire new oral motor skills.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

Changsiripun

Yabushita

Soma

2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To test the null hypothesis that alteration in masticatory function due to liquid-diet feeding during growth does not affect jaw-opening reflex (JOR) maturation. Materials and Methods: Soon after weaning, 70 female Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups and fed either solid (control group) or liquid (experimental group) diets. At 5, 9, and 13 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the JOR was recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles as evoked by a low-intensity electrical stimulation of the left inferior alveolar nerve. Results: There were similar tendencies at each recording age. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the JOR was significantly smaller, and the latency was significantly longer in the experimental group, although the duration was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that long-term masticatory functional change due to liquid-diet feeding during growth may impede the learning for JOR maturation, and thus may affect the masticatory performance in the adult. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:299-305.)

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Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors

Cited by 147 publications

References 76 publications

Is there a brainstem substrate for action selection?

Is there a brainstem substrate for action selection?

Relationship between Amount of Incisal Point Movement and Variations of Path in Chewing

Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

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