Brake force distributions optimised with regard to energy recovery for electric vehicles with single front‐wheel drive or rear‐wheel drive

Abstract

Energy recovery by means of braking with the electric machine helps to extend the cruising range of electric vehicles. By optimising the recuperation system, the total energy efficiency is increased. In general, using a usual brake force distribution the capability for recuperation is not equal for every type of drive train. Usually, four-wheel drives are advantageous in comparison to drive trains with only one driven axle. Regarding the single drives, generally, a front-wheel drive provides a higher capability for recuperation than a rear-wheel drive. This is mainly due to the dynamic axle load shift, which occurs during decelerations. In order to increase the energy recovery of electric vehicles with single drive, an adaptive brake force distribution is presented and compared with other brake force distributions in this study. It uses the knowledge of the currently available adhesion coefficient between tyre and road. The positive effect on the recuperation without impairing the braking performance on a straight road is demonstrated based on simulations. In curves, the lateral forces additionally need to be considered to guarantee the stability of the vehicle, especially relating to electric vehicles having a rear-wheel drive. Fig. 1 Typical drive train topologies with one central electric machine (based on [1]) (a) Front-wheel drive, (b) Rear-wheel drive

Regenerative braking torque compensation control based on improved ADRC

“…Here, the active disturbance rejection controller realizes the closed-loop tracking control of the desired brake wheel cylinder pressure by reducing the error between F wc and F wc and adjusting the control current I h . 30 Tracking differentiator (TD). The process of tracking the differentiator with the set input value v is as follows.…”

“…Here, the active disturbance rejection controller realizes the closed-loop tracking control of the desired brake wheel cylinder pressure by reducing the error between F wc and F ¯ wc and adjusting the control current I h . 30…”

“…Because the research object of this paper is single-wheel torque control, only the coordinated control between the single-wheel hub motor regenerative braking and the wire-controlled EHB is considered, and the four-wheel braking force distribution and the desired wheel braking torque are not considered. 28,30 The realization logic of the coordinated braking of the wheel hub motor and the wire-controlled EHB system is shown in Figure 11.…”

Study on Braking Energy Recovery Control Strategy for Four-Axle Battery Electric Heavy-Duty Trucks

“…Li et al [9] distributed the braking torque between the front and rear axles based on the ECE regulation curve and ideal braking force distribution curve (I curve). Spichartz and Sourkounis [10] proposed an adaptive distribution method based on real-time road adhesion coefficient estimation. The braking torque is distributed to the drive axle to maximize the recoverable braking energy when the braking intensity is less than the adhesion coefficient.…”

A Logic Threshold Control Strategy to Improve the Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery of Electric Vehicles

“…Mechanical energy storage includes compressed air energy storage and flywheel energy storage [9,10]; electromagnetic energy storage includes superconductivity and supercapacitors [11,12]; and electrochemical energy storage includes lead acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, and redox flow batteries [13,14]. In addition to the influence of energy storage devices, the factors that affect the braking energy recovery efficiency of electric vehicles include the drive type [15,16], motor performance [17,18], driving conditions [19,20], and control strategy [21,22]. Regenerative braking systems can be categorized into three groups based on the layout of the driving motors: central motor regenerative braking systems, side-wheel motor regenerative braking systems, and in-wheel motor regenerative braking systems.…”