“…However, it has been noted that a path-flow-based formulation may provide a more efficient and effective formulation, where a path [i, j] corresponds to an ordered set (i, k, j), iAI, jAJ, kAK. 22 Furthermore, since the associated candidate paths (potential paths) for each freight demand are finite (O(|K|)), the whole associated columns (the paths) are explicitly generated in the beginning of the associated LP relaxation (explicit column generation) and any service time restriction can be easily checked as the set of potential paths is generated. Therefore, the proposed problem will be formulated in terms of paths through which freight demands are transported.…”