Branch retinal vein occlusion and anabolic steroids abuse in young bodybuilders

Damasceno, Eduardo de França; Neto, Armando Magalhães; Damasceno, Nadyr A; Horowitz, Soraya; Moraes, Haroldo Vieira de

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01238.x

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…[31,32,33] Additionally, two cases of branch retinal vein occlusions in young men using anabolic steroids for enhanced muscle development have been reported, with proposed etiologic factors of increased blood viscosity, abnormal vascular walls, and hypertension. [34] In a study comparing African-American patients who used cocaine with those who did not use cocaine, investigators found a wider retinal venular caliber and increased arterial branching, and proposed this may reflect more generalized central nervous system (CNS) microvascular disease. [35]…”

Section: Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse

Peragallo¹,

Biousse²,

Newman

2013

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Purpose of review To review commonly encountered adverse ocular effects of illicit drug use. Recent findings Drug and alcohol abuse can produce a variety of ocular and neuro-ophthalmic side effects. Novel, so-called “designer,” drugs of abuse can lead to unusual ocular disorders. Legal substances, when used in manners for which they have not been prescribed, can also have devastating ophthalmic consequences. Summary In this review we will systematically evaluate each part of the visual pathways and discuss how individual drugs may affect them.

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Section: Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse

Peragallo¹,

Biousse²,

Newman

2013

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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“…These depict a comprehensive picture of the thromboembolic potential of AAS in high dosages and/or long-term administration. The nonmedical use of these doping substances has been linked to coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction [22,, intra-ventricular thrombosis [23,32,51], cerebrovascular events [38,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61], peripheral arterial and deep venous thrombosis [51,55,[62][63][64][65][66][67], pulmonary embolism [65][66][67][68], retinal vein branch occlusion [69], superior sagittal venous sinus thrombosis [53], abdominal arterial infarction [64], renal infarction [37,70,71], or even sudden death [19,24,46,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. Several of the epidemiological studies with a follow-up period of 4 years minimum reported a cardiovascular mortality rate in men exposed to non-therapeutic AAS that was more than double compared to non-users, justifying all the measures taken to decrease AAS misuse among both competitive and...…”

Section: Overview Of Thrombogenic Potential Of Exogenous Androgensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exogenous Androgens on Platelet Activity and Their Thrombogenic Potential in Supraphysiological Administration: A Literature Review

Roşca

Vlădăreanu

Mititelu

et al. 2021

JCM

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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), simply called “androgens”, represent the most widespread drugs used to enhance performance and appearance in a sporting environment. High-dosage and/or long-term AAS administration has been associated frequently with significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, some of these with severe endpoints. The induction of a prothrombotic state is probably the most life-threatening consequence, suggested by numerous case reports in AAS-abusing athletes, and by a considerable number of human and animal studies assessing the influence of exogenous androgens on hemostasis. Despite over fifty years of research, data regarding the thrombogenic potential of exogenous androgens are still scarce. The main reason is the limited possibility of conducting human prospective studies. However, human observational studies conducted in athletes or patients, in vitro human studies, and animal experiments have pointed out that androgens in supraphysiological doses induce enhanced platelet activity and thrombopoiesis, leading to increased platelet aggregation. If this tendency overlaps previously existing coagulation and/or fibrinolysis dysfunctions, it may lead to a thrombotic diathesis, which could explain the multitude of thromboembolic events reported in the AAS-abusing population. The influence of androgen excess on the platelet activity and fluid–coagulant balance remains a subject of debate, urging for supplementary studies in order to clarify the effects on hemostasis, and to provide new compelling evidence for their claimed thrombogenic potential.

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“…Interestingly, the patients suffered from repeated episodes of VTE even during treatment with low-molecular weight heparin. 43 Additional thrombotic complications have been attributed to AASs abuse including branch retinal vein occlusion, 44 and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. [45][46][47] ESAs Although the potential thrombotic complications of ESAs, namely erythropoietin (Epo) derivatives, have been comprehensively discussed in an earlier article published in this journal, 48 it is useful to extend some of the previous notions as Epo cannot be considered the only mean of boosting erythropoiesis and thereby enhancing both oxygen transport capacity and endurance performance.…”

Section: Doping and Thrombosis In Sports/lippi Banfimentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Lippi

Banfi

2011

Semin Thromb Hemost

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Historically, humans have long sought to enhance their "athletic" performance to increase body weight, aggressiveness, mental concentration and physical strength, contextually reducing fatigue, pain, and improving recovery. Although regular training is the mainstay for achieving these targets, the ancillary use of ergogenic aids has become commonplace in all sports. The demarcation between ergogenic aids and doping substances or practices is continuously challenging and mostly based on perceptions regarding the corruption of the fairness of competition and the potential side effects or adverse events arising from the use of otherwise unnecessary ergogenic substances. A kaleidoscope of side effects has been associated with the use of doping agents, including behavioral, skeletal, endocrinologic, metabolic, hemodynamic, and cardiovascular imbalances. Among the various doping substances, the most striking association with thrombotic complications has been reported for androgenic anabolic steroids (i.e., cardiomyopathy, fatal and nonfatal arrhythmias, myocardial infarction [MI], intracardiac thrombosis, stroke, venous thromboembolism [VTE], limb arterial thrombosis, branch retinal vein occlusion, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) and blood boosting (i.e., VTE and MI, especially for epoetin and analogs). The potential thrombotic complication arising from misuse of other doping agents such as the administration of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, cocaine, and platelet-derived preparations is instead speculative or anecdotal at best. The present article provides an overview on the epidemiological association as well as the underlying biochemical and biological mechanisms linking the practice of doping in sports with the development of thrombosis.

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Branch retinal vein occlusion and anabolic steroids abuse in young bodybuilders

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse

Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse

Effects of Exogenous Androgens on Platelet Activity and Their Thrombogenic Potential in Supraphysiological Administration: A Literature Review

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

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