Branched-chain amino acids and ammonia metabolism in liver disease: Therapeutic implications

Holeček, Milan

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.022

Cited by 86 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…To be aminated to glutamine by glutamine synthetase. In the post-absorptive state and in most pathological conditions [52], both alanine and glutamine are released into the bloodstream. In vitro experiments in rats indicate that muscle glutamine synthetase activity is increased when the culture medium contains high glutamate concentrations or when the rats are treated with dexamethasone [53] (Fig.…”

Section: Muscle Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Dietary Glutamate in Adults

Cynober

2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid at the crossroads of nitrogen and energy metabolism. Glutamate metabolism is characterized by reactions that may be anabolic or catabolic in nature depending on the tissue (i.e., glutamate dehydrogenase, transaminases), and it can also be either the precursor or the metabolite of glutamine. Unlike glutamine, which is the form of interorgan ammonia transport, glutamate metabolism is mostly compartmentalized within the cells, its interorgan exchanges being limited to a flux from liver to muscle. Summary: Glutamate catabolism is extremely intense in the splanchnic area, such that after a meal (rich in proteins) almost no glutamate appears in the systemic circulation. However, this process is saturable as after glutamate loading at a high dose level, glutamate appears dose-dependently in the circulation. This systemic glutamate appearance is blunted if glutamate is co-ingested with a carbohydrate source. Key Messages: The underlying reason for this highly specific metabolism is that glutamate plays a key role in nitrogen homeostasis, and the organism does all it can to limit the bioavailability of glutamate, which can be neurotoxic in excess. As glutamate is never eaten alone, its bioavailability will be limited if not negligible, and no adverse effects are to be expected in adult humans.

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Section: Muscle Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Dietary Glutamate in Adults

Cynober

2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…However, BCAA also may transiently increase ammonia levels in patients with cirrhosis, as they are metabolized to glutamine, which is reabsorbed by enterocytes to form ammonia. 76 Despite this risk, BCAA use has been shown to improve event-free survival and quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. 58,77,78 In addition, a more recent meta-analysis of 8 studies (n 5 382 total) demonstrated improvement in HE with a risk ratio of 1.71 (95% confidence interval 1.17-2.51) and a number needed to treat of 5 patients.…”

Section: Management Of Frailty and Sarcopenia In Patients With Cirrhomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Hepatic Encephalopathy Management

Lucero¹,

Verna²

2015

Clinics in Liver Disease

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“…Thus, plasma urea concentration may be a good indicator of the amino acid degradation process. According to Reeds et al (1987), metabolic changes of excess leucine in the diet can be study by measuring urea synthesis and by leucine, isoleucine and valine turnover (HOLECEK, 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leucine levels in low protein diets for pigs in the initial phase

Huepa

Fachinello

Esteves

et al. 2017

SCA

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine levels in low crude protein diets on Performance, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth and biochemical blood parameters of starting pigs. A total of 50 pigs, with initial weight of 11.14±0.24 kg; were distributed in a randomized blocks design with five treatments (1.10; 1.25; 1.40; 1.55 and 1.70% SID leucine), five replicates and two animals per experimental unit, comprised for a barrow and a gilt. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced (P=0.018) due to the increasing SID leucine levels, without affecting other growth performance parameters (final weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth and lean meat percentage). There was a quadratic effect for plasma triglyceride (P=0.049) and plasma urea (P=0.001). The optimal SID leucine levels obtained for triglycerides and urea were 1.16% and 1.24%, respectively, by associating the quadratic model with the Linear Response Plateu. Low crude protein diets with SID leucine levels up to 1.70% improved the feed conversion with desired urea and triglycerides concentration in blood plasma achieved at 1.16% and 1.24%, respectively.

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Branched-chain amino acids and ammonia metabolism in liver disease: Therapeutic implications

Cited by 86 publications

References 67 publications

Metabolism of Dietary Glutamate in Adults

Metabolism of Dietary Glutamate in Adults

The Role of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Hepatic Encephalopathy Management

Leucine levels in low protein diets for pigs in the initial phase

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