Branchial mechanical injury does not accelerate the progression of experimentally induced amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

Adams, Mark B.; Gross, KA; Nowak, Barbara F.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.007

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These lesions were defined according to Adams et al . ( 2009 ) with hyperplastic fusion of the secondary lamellae in close proximity to N. perurans trophozoites. The percentage of filaments affected by AGD lesions was subsequently calculated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total number of filaments on each gill section were counted along with the number of filaments presenting AGD-associated lesions. These lesions were defined according to Adams et al (2009) with hyperplastic fusion of the secondary lamellae in close proximity to N. perurans trophozoites. The percentage of filaments affected by AGD lesions was subsequently calculated.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of disease susceptibility and innate immune response between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings following experimental infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease

et al. 2017

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SUMMARYFew studies have focussed on the health and immunity of triploid Atlantic salmon and therefore much is still unknown about their response to commercially significant pathogens. This is important if triploid stocks are to be considered for full-scale commercial production. This study aimed to investigate and compare the response of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon to an experimental challenge with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). This disease is economically significant for the aquaculture industry. The results indicated that ploidy had no significant effect on gross gill score or gill filaments affected, while infection and time had significant effects. Ploidy, infection and time did not affect complement or anti-protease activities. Ploidy had a significant effect on lysozyme activity at 21 days post-infection (while infection and time did not), although activity was within the ranges previously recorded for salmonids. Stock did not significantly affect any of the parameters measured. Based on the study results, it can be suggested that ploidy does not affect the manifestation or severity of AGD pathology or the serum innate immune response. Additionally, the serum immune response of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon may not be significantly affected by amoebic gill disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of disease susceptibility and innate immune response between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings following experimental infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease

et al. 2017

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“…The findings indicate that gill pathology may be present in fish prior to colonization with amoebae. More recent studies by Adams, Gross & Nowak (2009) suggested that mechanical injury to gills does not present an enhanced opportunity for attachment and/or colonization of the gill epithelium in salmon during experimental infection with N. perurans .…”

Section: Amoebaementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of infectious gill disease in marine salmonid fish

Mitchell¹,

Rodger²

2011

Journal of Fish Diseases

130

140

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Infectious gill diseases of marine salmonid fish present a significant challenge in salmon-farming regions. Infectious syndromes or disease conditions affecting marine-farmed salmonids include amoebic gill disease (AGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and tenacibaculosis. Pathogens involved include parasites, such as Neoparamoeba perurans, bacteria, such as Piscichlamydia salmonis and Tenacibaculum maritimum, and viruses, such as the Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV). The present level of understanding of these is reviewed with regard to risk factors, potential impacting factors, methods of best practice to mitigate infectious gill disease, as well as knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.

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“…perurans in salmonids [ 47 – 49 ]. An experimental assessment conducted by Adams et al [ 50 ] and involving mechanical injury of Atlantic salmon gills by scalpel or swab treatments, found no effect on AGD severity or infection rates. It must be recognised, however, that trauma-induced damage such as that examined by Adams et al [ 50 ], is not the same as gill damage caused by nematocysts and envenomation from hydroids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paradoxically, this may have protected the gills from more damage by hydroids. Adams et al [ 50 ] observed a lack of attachment of P . perurans to mechanically damaged gill areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cnidarian biofouling on salmon gill health and development of amoebic gill disease

et al. 2018

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This study examines the potential implications of biofouling management on the development of an infectious disease in Norwegian farmed salmon. The hydroid Ectopleura larynx frequently colonises cage nets at high densities (thousands of colonies per m2) and is released into the water during regular in-situ net cleaning. Contact with the hydroids’ nematocysts has the potential to cause irritation and pathological damage to salmon gills. Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans, is an increasingly international health challenge in Atlantic salmon farming. AGD often occurs concomitantly with other agents of gill disease. This study used laboratory challenge trials to: (1) characterise the gill pathology resulting from the exposure of salmon to hydroids, and (2) investigate if such exposure can predispose the fish to secondary infections–using P. perurans as an example. Salmon in tanks were exposed either to freshly ‘shredded’ hydroids resembling waste material from net cleaning, or to authentic concentrations of free-living P. perurans, or first to ‘shredded’ hydroids and then to P. perurans. Gill health (AGD gill scores, non-specific gill scores, lamellar thrombi, epithelial hyperplasia) was monitored over 5 weeks and compared to an untreated control group.Nematocysts of E. larynx contained in cleaning waste remained active following high-pressure cleaning, resulting in higher non-specific gill scores in salmon up to 1 day after exposure to hydroids. Higher average numbers of gill lamellar thrombi occurred in fish up to 7 days after exposure to hydroids. However, gill lesions caused by hydroids did not affect the infection rates of P. perurans or the disease progression of AGD. This study discusses the negative impacts hydroids and current net cleaning practices can have on gill health and welfare of farmed salmon, highlights existing knowledge gaps and reiterates the need for alternative approaches to net cleaning.

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Branchial mechanical injury does not accelerate the progression of experimentally induced amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

Cited by 6 publications

References 42 publications

A comparison of disease susceptibility and innate immune response between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings following experimental infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease

A comparison of disease susceptibility and innate immune response between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings following experimental infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease

A review of infectious gill disease in marine salmonid fish

Effects of cnidarian biofouling on salmon gill health and development of amoebic gill disease

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