The first issue of The Critical Path AIDS Project Newsletter, launched in 1989, ends with a small SILENCE = DEATH graphic made famous by Gran Fury and ACT UP (Critical Path AIDS Project 1989a, 27). The tiny icon appears at the end of a long 'Directory of PWA Services', and takes up just an inch on the printed page. It could easily be missed by a reader casually flipping through these listings. The graphic, ubiquitous within late 1980s HIV/AIDS-activist circles and contemporary memorialization projects, takes on a different valence here: this SILENCE = DEATH describes Critical Path's work to connect "PWAs" (people living with AIDS) with treatment information using computer network technologies. 1 Silence marked the consequences of exclusion from new online communication infrastructures, used by treatment activists to create and share up-to-theminute, collaborative health information. Silence, in this case, might mean never hearing a modem's dial tone.To break this silence, Critical Path set out to 'provide up-to-the-minute computernetworked information on support groups, organizational schedules, experimental AIDS medications and protocols, alternative therapies, the best of the AIDS computer bulletin board items, [and] direct services available to PWAs' (Kuromiya 1989, 2). Critical Path provided focused outreach to 'women, IV drug-using communities, and to PWAs of color, the physically challenged, the imprisoned, and the homeless' (Ibid). The organization was one of many HIV/AIDS activist groups that worked online over the course of the 1980s, gathering, synthesizing, and most importantly printing vital information that was otherwise unavailable through mainstream media and public-health agencies. Critical Path's online work presents a significant yet marginal internet history, and another way 1980s activism set the stage for HIV/AIDS's entry into wider publichealth dialogs in the 1990s (Brier 2009;Patton 1996).Kiyoshi Kuromiya (1943Kuromiya ( -2000 founded the Philadelphia-based Critical Path Project and edited its newsletter. The first issue was a 28-page long, desktop published, letter-sized, black-and-white document. Heavy with text, each issue included about a dozen articles, most of which were researched and written by Kuromiya, though generally unattributed. These articles were supplemented by listings for support groups, a phone directory and events calendar for PWA services in the tri-state area, and classified ads from supportive businesses and services. Kuromiya wanted to offer wider access to the text-based online Bulletin Board Systems (or 'BBS') he began using in the mid-1980s. To do this, he republished BBS information for those without computer access using two widely accessible and familiar formats: the newsletter, and a telephone hotline he operated out of his home.A reader consulting the masthead of Critical Path's first issue encountered a contributor list made up of many curious acronyms: AIDS Info BBS, AIDS Info Exchange BBS, AIDS FORUM, and HRCF BSS. These 'authors' represented geographic...