This study investigates consumers' perceived differentiation of branded commodities.Using data from three countries, across four commodity categories, the study examines consumers' brand/attribute associations, brand commitment, and loyalty-related brand performance measures that are benchmarked against the output from the well-established NBD-Dirichlet model. The brand perceptions and brand performance data provide convergent evidence of systematic variations with market share (or brand penetration), rather than idiosyncratic brand differentiation related to the characteristics or equity of individual commodity brands. Overall, the results show that even commodity brands follow the well-established Dirichlet-type empirical patterns. The implication is that communication and other marketing-mix activities should aim to constantly remind consumers of the brand, maintaining the market shares, rather than setting unrealistic targets for increasing loyalty or accentuating brand differentiation.
| INTRODUCTIONCommodities such as milk, petrol, or water 'typically are characterized by the lack of perceived differentiation by customers between competing offerings' (de Chernatony & McDonald, 2003, p. 12). In other words, a commodity is a product that is the same as other products of the same type from other producers or manufacturers. Lack of differentiation means that commodities are purchased primarily on price and availability (Mainardes et al., 2019;Metcalf, 1982;Pennington & Ball, 2009). Consequently, customer loyalty in commodity markets is suggested to be typically low or non-existent (Metcalf, 1982).By contrast, the essence of a brand is the differentiation (functional and/or symbolic) that the brand name confers to the product, so that 'the branded article has more value for consumers than the "bare" product' (Riezebos, 2003, p. 18). Differentiation means that consumers purchase brands based on 'relevant and unique added values which match their needs more closely' (de Chernatony & McDonald, 2003, p. 25). Indeed, researchers have claimed that customer loyalty can be achieved only when consumers perceive significant differences between competing brands (Dick & Basu, 1994;Keller, 1993).Two perspectives emerge from the above discussion. The first is that for brands to exist, consumers must perceive differences between competing offerings in a product category. The second perspective suggests that establishing and promoting differentiation are keys to building and sustaining a brand. Both perspectives rest on the premise that consumers' unique mental associations with brands and consumer perceptions of relevant and unique added values generate brand loyalty.Consistent with the two perspectives, branding researchers note that commodities can be transformed into branded commodities by creating differentiation via elements such as packaging, marketing communication or the country of origin of the product (de Chernatony & McDonald, 2003;Ryan, 2008;Stanton & Herbst, 2005). For instance, bottled water brands invest subst...