“…Medications have played an important and significant role in human survival, which includes a vast array of treatments for a myriad of chronic and acute conditions. , The total use of medications in 2020 has reached 4.5 trillion doses, up 24% from 2015 levels, mostly consumed by India, China, Brazil, and Indonesia. Well-established consumer markets continue to use more original branded and specialty medicines per capita, while pharma markets in developing countries are expected to use more nonoriginal brands, generics, and over-the-counter products. − It has been a common perception that illicit drugs typically contain excipient nonregulated substances, in addition to the active ingredient, which can have serious adverse health consequences or even cause premature death. ,− Typical adulterant items include mannitol, sugar, gravy powder, chalk powder, brick dust, and so forth. , This form of adulteration is currently considered to be a significant problem and can only be resolved by intensive chemical testing. Metformin is a common drug for type (II) diabetes.…”