“…For these products, most consumers may not recall the brand name and not bother too much about the finer nuances of brand positioning. At the other end, some firms, for example, large fast moving consumer good (FMCG) firms, invest large amounts of resources to create just the right kind of brand image to gain brand loyalty through differentiation (Aaker, 2007; Slotegraaf and Pauwels, 2008; Wilkof, 2018) and nowadays even co-creation (Hatch and Schultz, 2010; Iglesias et al , 2013; Kennedy and Guzmán, 2016; Merz et al , 2018). Examples may include soap, shampoo, clothing and fashion brands, where the basic products may be relatively similar, but the brand image results in significant differences in value perception and consumer loyalty.…”