Brassinosteroids: Multidimensional Regulators of Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Responses

Nolan, Trevor M.; Vukašinović, Nemanja; Liu, Derui; Russinova, Eugenia; Yin, Yanhai

doi:10.1105/tpc.19.00335

Cited by 706 publications

(533 citation statements)

References 248 publications

(354 reference statements)

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“…Most of the BR signalling pathway relies on the BRASSINAZOLE‐RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and BRI1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1) TFs. In the presence of BR, the receptor complex BRI1‐SERK3/BAK1 mediates the dephosphorylation of BRZ1and BES1 by a PP2A protein phosphatase that activates their transcriptional activity upon BR‐regulated genes (Belkhadir and Jaillais, ; Nolan et al , ). BR signalling positively regulates ovule and seed number in Arabidopsis (Huang et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of ovule initiation by gibberellins and brassinosteroids in tomato and Arabidopsis: two plant species, two molecular mechanisms

et al. 2020

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Ovule primordia formation is a complex developmental process with a strong impact on the production of seeds. In Arabidopsis this process is controlled by a gene network, including components of the signalling pathways of auxin, brassinosteroids (BRs) and cytokinins. Recently, we have shown that gibberellins (GAs) also play an important role in ovule primordia initiation, inhibiting ovule formation in both Arabidopsis and tomato. Here we reveal that BRs also participate in the control of ovule initiation in tomato, by promoting an increase on ovule primordia formation. Moreover, molecular and genetic analyses of the co-regulation by GAs and BRs of the control of ovule initiation indicate that two different mechanisms occur in tomato and Arabidopsis. In tomato, GAs act downstream of BRs. BRs regulate ovule number through the downregulation of GA biosynthesis, which provokes stabilization of DELLA proteins that will finally promote ovule primordia initiation. In contrast, in Arabidopsis both GAs and BRs regulate ovule number independently of the activity levels of the other hormone. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that different molecular mechanisms could operate in different plant species to regulate identical developmental processes even, as for ovule primordia initiation, if the same set of hormones trigger similar responses, adding a new level of complexity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of ovule initiation by gibberellins and brassinosteroids in tomato and Arabidopsis: two plant species, two molecular mechanisms

et al. 2020

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“…Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a large group of polyhydroxylated sterol derivatives found in the plant kingdom in extremely low amounts and eliciting very important functions, such as plant growth regulation [1,2] and cell division and differentiation in young tissues of growing plants [3][4][5]. As a result of these features, BRs were recognized as the sixth class of plant hormones [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activities and Molecular Docking of Brassinosteroids 24-Norcholane Type Analogs

Díaz

Espinoza

Carvajal

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The quest and design of new brassinosteroids analogs is a matter of current interest. Herein, the effect of short alkyl side chains and the configuration at C22 on the growth-promoting activity of a series of new brassinosteroid 24-norcholan-type analogs have been evaluated by the rice leaf inclination test using brassinolide as positive control. The highest activities were found for triol 3 with a C22(S) configuration and monobenzoylated derivatives. A docking study of these compounds into the active site of the Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1(BRI1)–ligand–BRI1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 (BAK1) complex was performed using AutoDock Vina, and protein–ligand contacts were analyzed using LigPlot+. The results suggest that the hydrophobic interactions of ligands with the receptor BRI1LRR and hydrogen bonding with BAK1 in the complex are important for ligand recognition. For monobenzoylated derivatives, the absence of the hydrophobic end in the alkyl chain seems to be compensated by the benzoyl group. Thus, it would be interesting to determine if this result depends on the nature of the substituent group. Finally, mixtures of S/R triols 3/4 exhibit activities that are comparable or even better than those found for brassinolide. Thus, these compounds are potential candidates for application in agriculture to improve the growth and yield of plants against various types of biotic and abiotic stress.

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“…BRs have been reported to function in a wide spatial-temporal territory during the entire life span of plants [191]. However, the available evidence indicates that endogenous BRs do not undergo long-distance transport [192].…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, control of BR biosynthesis, catabolism, or signaling at the tissue or organ level is crucial to optimize plant growth in response to developmental stages and environmental changes. Although many internal factors have been identified to mediate BR biosynthesis and signaling, how these factors integrate with certain developmental stages or multiple environmental factors remains largely unknown [191]. Understanding the precise regulatory mechanisms of BR biosynthesis and signaling will be beneficial for future crop improvement via traditional breeding or genetic engineering such as CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Brassinosteroid-Mediated Responses to Changing Environments in Arabidopsis

2020

IJMS

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Plant adaptations to changing environments rely on integrating external stimuli into internal responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of growth-promoting phytohormones, have been reported to act as signal molecules mediating these processes. BRs are perceived by cell surface receptor complex including receptor BRI1 and coreceptor BAK1, which subsequently triggers a signaling cascade that leads to inhibition of BIN2 and activation of BES1/BZR1 transcription factors. BES1/BZR1 can directly regulate the expression of thousands of downstream responsive genes. Recent studies in the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrated that BR biosynthesis and signal transduction, especially the regulatory components BIN2 and BES1/BZR1, are finely tuned by various environmental cues. Here, we summarize these research updates and give a comprehensive review of how BR biosynthesis and signaling are modulated by changing environments and how these changes regulate plant adaptive growth or stress tolerance.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2737 3 of 20 BR signal cascade by phosphorylating BR SIGNALING KINASE 1 (BSK1) and CDG1, two receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) that are anchored to the cell membrane [59,60]. Activated CDG1 can subsequently phosphorylate and activate a protein phosphatase BSU1, which then dephosphorylates and inactivates a GSK3 kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) [60][61][62]. BIN2 is a negative regulator in the BR signaling pathway because it phosphorylates and destabilizes two well-characterized downstream transcription factors, BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) and BRSSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), and presumably other four members of their entire subfamily [63][64][65][66][67]. BR-induced BIN2 inactivation allows the accumulation of nonphosphorylated BES1 and BZR1 in the nucleus, thereby promoting expression of thousands of their target genes [62,68]. The intensity of BR signaling can be controlled at multiple levels (Figure 2). At the receptor level, the function of BRI1 can be post-translationally regulated by PUB12/13-directed ubiquitination, PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation, BKI1-mediated kinase inhibition, and BIK1-and BIR3-mediated competition for the coreceptor BAK1 [69][70][71][72][73]. At the BIN2 level, it has been reported that BIN2 is regulated by OCTOPUSor POLAR-mediated membrane sequestration, HDA6-mediated deacetylation, KIB1-mediated ubiquitination, TTL-enhanced interaction with BSU1, ABI1/2-mediated dephosphorylation, and ROS (reactive oxygen species)-mediated oxidation [74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. At the transcription level, it has been reported that PP2A phosphatases can promote BR signaling by dephosphorylating BES1 and BZR1, whereas 14-3-3 and BRZ-SENSITIVE-SHORT HYPOCOTYL1 (BSS1) negatively regulate BR signaling by inhibiting the translocation of BES1 and BZR1 from the cytosol to the nucleus [81][82][83]. Besides, protein degradation of BES1 and/or BZR1 has been reported to be regulated by many factors, including an F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH LOCUS2 (MAX2), ubiquitin E3 ligases suc...

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Brassinosteroids: Multidimensional Regulators of Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Responses

Cited by 706 publications

References 248 publications

Regulation of ovule initiation by gibberellins and brassinosteroids in tomato and Arabidopsis: two plant species, two molecular mechanisms

Regulation of ovule initiation by gibberellins and brassinosteroids in tomato and Arabidopsis: two plant species, two molecular mechanisms

Biological Activities and Molecular Docking of Brassinosteroids 24-Norcholane Type Analogs

Molecular Mechanisms of Brassinosteroid-Mediated Responses to Changing Environments in Arabidopsis

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