2019
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020331
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Brassinosteroids, the Sixth Class of Phytohormones: A Molecular View from the Discovery to Hormonal Interactions in Plant Development and Stress Adaptation

Abstract: Phytohormones are natural chemical messengers that play critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors, maintaining plant homeostasis, and allowing adaptation to environmental changes. The discovery of a new class of phytohormones, the brassinosteroids (BRs), almost 40 years ago opened a new era for the studies of plant growth and development and introduced new perspectives in the regulation of agronomic traits through their use in agr… Show more

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Cited by 159 publications
(106 citation statements)
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References 225 publications
(291 reference statements)
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“…The observed induction of BR in our study corroborates with earlier studies showing that BR plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors (Figure 3e; Peres et al, 2019). BR applications seem to exert an effect on immunity to a wide array of pathogens in different plant species, such as enhancing resistance to Fusarium infection in barely (Ali, Kumar, Khan, & Doohan, 2013) and inducing resistance to powdery mildew in tobacco (Nakashita et al, 2003).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 93%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The observed induction of BR in our study corroborates with earlier studies showing that BR plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress factors (Figure 3e; Peres et al, 2019). BR applications seem to exert an effect on immunity to a wide array of pathogens in different plant species, such as enhancing resistance to Fusarium infection in barely (Ali, Kumar, Khan, & Doohan, 2013) and inducing resistance to powdery mildew in tobacco (Nakashita et al, 2003).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 93%
“…Indeed, the observed increase of BR level together with reduction of JA and IAA, after DIECA treatment, might contribute to wheat resistance to Bgt (Figure 3). However, the crosstalk of IAA and JA and BR have been reported to regulate plant resistance and growth (He et al, 2017; Peres et al, 2019; Zhou, Song, & Xue, 2013). Among these three hormones, JA plays an important role in plant growth inhibition (Huang, Liu, Liu, & Song, 2017), and BR is growth‐promoting hormone (Lozano‐Durán & Zipfel, 2015).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since the discovery of brassinolide (1) [1] (Figure 1) a large number of similar compounds have been identified in many plant species [2,3]. This family of polyhydroxylated sterol derivatives, named brassinosteroids (BRs), amounts to almost 80 different molecules which have been recently recognized as the sixth class of plant hormones [4,5]. They act as regulators of plant growth in very low amounts [1][2][3], participating in processes of cell expansion, division, and differentiation in young tissues of growing plants [6,7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Increased ABA levels upregulate BIN2, one of the primary negative regulators of BR signaling, and BR also inhibits ABA activity through PP2C (PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C) [49,50]. In a previous study, ABA levels increased during the dehiscence period in P. ginseng seeds, and after dehiscence, ABA levels decreased discernably, while gibberellic acid levels were not altered in the course of dehiscence, and increased after seed dehiscence [51].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%