Breakdown and Evolution of the Protective Oxide Scales of AISI 304 and AISI 316 Stainless Steels under High-Temperature Oxidation

Habib, K. A.; Damra, M. S.; Saura, J. J.; Cervera, I.; Bellés, J.

doi:10.1155/2011/824676

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Formed at higher temperatures, the scale is enriched with iron, and the oxide scale is no longer protective. In addition, at high temperatures a scale breakdown can happen [23]. Another oxidation mechanism is intergranular corrosion, which is usually related to the grain boundary precipitation of chromium-rich intermetallic particles, and thus chromium depletion in the adjacent areas [24][25].…”

Section: Figure 4: Evolution Of Primary Cell Size In Relation To the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Thermal Stability of Selective Laser Melted 316l Stainless Steel Single Tracks

Krakhmalev

Yadroitsava

Fredriksson

et al. 2017

SAJIE

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To remove residual stresses, an as-built SLM object is usually posttreated. This treatment can affect the microstructure, changing the final mechanical characteristics. This investigation is focused on the microstructural characterisation of 316L austenitic stainless steel in as-built and annealed conditions. The SLM microstructure was relatively stable up to 900°C, when cell boundaries start to disappear. At higher temperatures, an insignificant grain coarsening was detected. These microstructural changes caused a gradual drop in the hardness. The obtained result is background for the future development of post-treatment regimens to achieve a high level in the final mechanical properties of SLM objects. OPSOMMINGOm die res-spannings in ŉ lasergesinterde metaalvoorwerp te verwyder, word die voorwerp gewoonlik na die tyd behandel. Hierdie behandeling kan die mikrostruktuur beïnvloed, wat kan lei tot ŉ verandering in die meganiese eienskappe. Hierdie ondersoek fokus op die mikrostruktuur karakterisering van 316L austenitiese vlekvrye staal in die soos-vervaardige en uitgegloeide toestande. Die lasergesinterde metaal mikrostruktuur was relatief stabiel tot 900°C, waarna alle selgrense begin verdwyn het. By hoër temperature is onbeduidende grein vergrowwing bespeur. Hierdie mikrostruktuur veranderinge veroorsaak ŉ geleidelike afname in die hardheid van die voorwerp. Dié resultaat skep die basis vir verdere ontwikkeling van die behandeling skedules om ŉ hoë vlak in die finale meganiese eienskappe van lasergesinterde metaalvoorwerpe te verkry.

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Section: Figure 4: Evolution Of Primary Cell Size In Relation To the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Thermal Stability of Selective Laser Melted 316l Stainless Steel Single Tracks

Krakhmalev

Yadroitsava

Fredriksson

et al. 2017

SAJIE

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“…1 During production, stainless steel is heated, and a scale consisting of several elements including chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, silica, and others, is formed, depending on the alloying of stainless steel. [2][3][4][5] At first, the oxide phase mainly consists of chromium oxide, with lesser amounts of other oxides as pointed out by an anonymous peer reviewer. As the scale thickens, phase of mixed oxides is formed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory‐scale simulation of industrial neutral electrolytic pickling as a bipolar system—Parameters affecting indirect polarization pickling of annealed stainless steel

Tuovinen

Vielma

Lassi

2020

Engineering Reports

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As the production of stainless steel increases, environmental concerns due to an increasing demand of production capacity, require an efficient use of energy and materials. Efficient removal of otherwise slow-to-dissolve chromium oxide layer can be achieved with electrochemical pre-pickling before final mixed acid pickling. Neutral electrolytic pickling can be used to rapidly dissolve chromium oxides but suffers from low current efficiency of both the reaction and the system. In order to study the effect of critical parameters for the current efficiency of the system, a pickling device was assembled. A system current efficiency factorial analysis of bipolar neutral electrolytic pickling was conducted for temperature, electrolyte concentration, cell potential, and electrode-to-sample distance. Lowering the concentration of electrolytes shows potential to increase current efficiency significantly as conductivity can be used to reduce electrode-to-electrode short-circuiting, which is the biggest cause of decreased efficiency in neutral electrolytic pickling. Increasing the temperature has a positive effect on efficiency, despite increased conductivity, possibly from increasing reaction kinetics. K E Y W O R D S bipolar electrode, current efficiency, factorial analysis, neutral electrochemical pickling, stainless steel This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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“…Previous AISI 304 stainless steel scaling property research has focused on comparisons between different AISI standards such as AISI 303, AISI 304L, AISI 316, AISI 430, and AISI 439 over short, lengthened or cyclic time periods. In this research, the effects of titanium and boron on AISI 304 scaling behavior under simulated reheating furnace conditions has been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this research was to observe the scaling in a time period similar to the time it takes a slab to travel through a reheat furnace. Other isothermal scaling studies have been conducted either in a time‐frame of under 90 min, or over 10 h . In this research, the time‐frame was set to 180 min according to an industry partner's average evaluation of the time a slab is in the reheat furnace.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Boron and Titanium Microalloying on the Scale Formation of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Simulated Walking Beam Furnace Conditions

Laukka

Heikkinen

Puukko

et al. 2017

steel research int.

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The effect of microalloying boron and titanium on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel scale formation is studied. Thermogravimetric tests simulating walking beam furnace conditions are performed at temperatures of 800, 1100, and 1300 °C for 3 h on samples of AISI 304 steels with different alloying amounts of B and Ti. Scaling at 800 °C is negligible on all the samples, while scaling is clear at 1100 and 1300 °C. The thermogravimetric results show that even in small amounts, boron and titanium have an effect on scale growth rate. FESEM microscopy and accompanying EDS analyses are used to study oxidation area element composition. The FESEM images are also used to compare the oxidation zones’ area fractions of metal, pores, and oxide between different alloying amounts for the samples of 1300 °C tests. Calculations for scale formation activation energy are done based on the thermogravimetric data. The steel sample with the lowest alloying of boron and titanium shows a noticeably different growth rate, which is nearly linear in both the 1100 and 1300 °C tests. Differences between alloying amounts in accumulated scale during the 180 min period in kg m−2 are greater at 1100 °C than they are at 1300 °C.

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Breakdown and Evolution of the Protective Oxide Scales of AISI 304 and AISI 316 Stainless Steels under High-Temperature Oxidation

Cited by 51 publications

References 13 publications

Microstructural and Thermal Stability of Selective Laser Melted 316l Stainless Steel Single Tracks

Microstructural and Thermal Stability of Selective Laser Melted 316l Stainless Steel Single Tracks

Laboratory‐scale simulation of industrial neutral electrolytic pickling as a bipolar system—Parameters affecting indirect polarization pickling of annealed stainless steel

The Effect of Boron and Titanium Microalloying on the Scale Formation of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Simulated Walking Beam Furnace Conditions

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