Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Bi, Huashan; Gan, Yong; Yang, Chen; Chen, Yawen; Tong, Xiaofeng; Lu, Zuxun

doi:10.1017/s1368980015000257

Cited by 160 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Skipping breakfast has been associated with markers of impaired glucose metabolism, including elevated hemoglobin A 1c , 44 higher fasting plasma glucose 58 and all-day postprandial hyperglycemia, 59,60 and a higher rate of impaired fasting glucose. 28 In contrast, HOMA-IR did not differ statistically between breakfast skippers and eaters.…”

Section: Breakfast Skipping and Other Cvd Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

St‐Onge¹,

Ard²,

Baskin³

et al. 2017

Circulation

569

474

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Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent. Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions. Furthermore, we propose definitions for meals, snacks, and eating occasions for use in research. Finally, data suggest that irregular eating patterns appear less favorable for achieving a healthy cardiometabolic profile. Intentional eating with mindful attention to the timing and frequency of eating occasions could lead to healthier lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management.T he patterns of meal and snack eating behavior in American adults have changed over the past 40 years. Based on NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from 1971 to 1974 to 2009 to 2010 (n=62 298), women 20 to 74 years of age reported a decrease in 24-hour meal-derived total energy intake (TEI) from 82% in the 1970s to 77% in 2009 to 2010 and an increase in the proportion of TEI consumed from snacks from 18% to 23%.1 Similar trends were reported among men. The proportion of men and women who reported consuming all 3 standard meals declined over this period (from 73% to 59% in men; from 75% to 63% in women), 1 reflecting changes in eating patterns rather than changes in eating frequency. Indeed, the traditional breakfast-lunch-dinner pattern was not observed in a population of healthy, non-shift-working adults. 2 In that study, the number of eating occasions, defined as consumption of any food or beverage providing at least 5 kcal, was ≈4.2 times a day in the lowest decile and 10.5 times a day for the top decile. There were only 5 hours during the 24-hour day when <1% of all eating occasions occurred: between 1 and 6 am. This study clearly demonstrated that adults in the United States eat around the clock. Because feeding and fasting entrain clock genes, which regulate all aspects of metabolism, meal timing can have serious implications for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. 3,4 The circadian rhythms of the body are controlled by the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus but also by clocks of peripheral organs. Although the master clock is strongly entrained by light, clocks of peripheral organs are additionally responsive to food supply, and temporal restriction of food can reset clock gene rhythms. In mice, food given in the normal sleeping period can uncouple peripheral clocks from the master clock. 5 In fact, time-restricted feeding CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINESin mice alters the robustness and coherence of rhythmic gene transcripts, 6 which may be relevant for cardiom...

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Section: Breakfast Skipping and Other Cvd Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

St‐Onge¹,

Ard²,

Baskin³

et al. 2017

Circulation

569

474

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies of adolescent children in the both US and Australia have shown that breakfast consumption is associated with lower body mass index (BMI) [5,6], and in Canada it has been estimated that not eating breakfast every day nearly doubled the odds of being overweight at 4.5 years of age [6,7]. A recent meta-analysis found that breakfast skipping is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes [8]. In Australia, childhood breakfast skipping was associated with both higher waist circumference and negative effects on cardio-metabolic health markers in adulthood [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children

Fayet‐Moore

Kim²,

Sritharan³

et al. 2016

Nutrients

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Recent data on breakfast consumption among Australian children are limited. This study examined the impact of breakfast skipping and breakfast type (cereal or non-cereal) on nutrient intakes, likelihood of meeting nutrient targets and anthropometric measures. A secondary analysis of two 24-h recall data from the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey was conducted (2–16 years; n = 4487) to identify (a) breakfast skippers and (b) breakfast consumers, with breakfast consumers further sub-divided into (i) non-cereal and (ii) cereal consumers. Only 4% skipped breakfast and 59% of skippers were 14–16 years. Breakfast consumers had significantly higher intakes of calcium and folate, and significantly lower intakes of total fat than breakfast skippers. Cereal consumers were more likely to meet targets and consume significantly higher fibre, calcium, iron, had significantly higher intakes of folate, total sugars and carbohydrate, and significantly lower intakes of total fat and sodium than non-cereal consumers. The prevalence of overweight was lower among breakfast consumers compared to skippers, and among cereal consumers compared to-cereal consumers (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed for mean body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, waist circumference and physical activity level across the categories. Breakfast and particularly breakfast cereal consumption contributes important nutrients to children’s diets.

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“…In addition, adolescents who consume breakfast have been shown to have better overall quality of life, school attendance and academic achievement [3,4,5,6]. Concomitantly, studies have linked skipping breakfast to adverse health outcomes of overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [7,8,9,10]. Despite the importance of breakfast consumption, a high prevalence of skipping breakfast among children and adolescents is widely reported in many countries across the world [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakfast Consumption and Its Associations with Health-Related Behaviors among School-Aged Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China

Wang

Zhong

Wang

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Evidence indicates that breakfast consumption is associated with a cluster of health-related behaviors, yet studies in mainland China are scarce. This study is conducted to describe the frequency of breakfast consumption among Chinese adolescents and examine its associations with other dietary, physical activity, sedentary, sleep, cigarette-smoking, and alcohol-drinking behaviors. Breakfast consumption and other health-related behaviors data was collected via a self-administered questionnaire in a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 19,542 school-aged adolescents were recruited in this survey. The associations between breakfast consumption and other health-related behaviors were examined using logistic regression models. A significantly higher prevalence of daily breakfast consumption was found among students who were younger (p for trend <0.001), from urban schools (p < 0.001), and academic high schools (p < 0.001). More frequent vegetable and milk consumption, greater physical activity, and longer sleep duration were positively associated with daily breakfast consumption, while soft drinks and fast food consumption, computer use, cigarette-smoking and alcohol-drinking behaviors were inversely associated. The prevalence of irregular breakfast consumption was relatively high among Chinese adolescents in Zhejiang Province. Daily breakfast consumption was associated with a constellation of health-related behaviors.

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Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Cited by 160 publications

References 35 publications

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children

Breakfast Consumption and Its Associations with Health-Related Behaviors among School-Aged Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China

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