Breaking Left–Right Symmetry by the Interplay of Planar Cell Polarity, Calcium Signaling and Cilia

Abstract

The formation of the embryonic left–right axis is a fundamental process in animals, which subsequently conditions both the shape and the correct positioning of internal organs. During vertebrate early development, a transient structure, known as the left–right organizer, breaks the bilateral symmetry in a manner that is critically dependent on the activity of motile and immotile cilia or asymmetric cell migration. Extensive studies have partially elucidated the molecular pathways that initiate left–right asymmetric patterning and morphogenesis. Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling plays an important role in the biased orientation and rotational motion of motile cilia. The leftward fluid flow generated in the cavity of the left–right organizer is sensed by immotile cilia through complex mechanisms to trigger left-sided calcium signaling and lateralized gene expression pattern. Disrupted asymmetric positioning or impaired structure and function of cilia leads to randomized left–right axis determination, which is closely linked to laterality defects, particularly congenital heart disease. Despite of the formidable progress made in deciphering the critical contribution of cilia to establishing the left–right asymmetry, a strong challenge remains to understand how cilia generate and sense fluid flow to differentially activate gene expression across the left–right axis. This review analyzes mechanisms underlying the asymmetric morphogenesis and function of the left–right organizer in left–right axis formation. It also aims to identify important questions that are open for future investigations.