Breakthrough infection and reinfection in patients with mpox

Jiang, Wenyi; Hu, Yibo; Yang, Xiu; Hou, Lingli; Zhang, Jingjing; Niu, Hong; Hu, Congxia; Lin, Jihui

doi:10.1002/rmv.2522

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 77 publications

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“…As an example for how this may affect the study, a very low transmission probability is not the only explanation for low observed incidence in children and non-MSM communities during the 2022 outbreaks; since the outbreak likely started in the MSM community, it could simply be that the number of non-sexual physical contacts between the MSM community, especially the core high activity group, and children and other non-MSM communities is much lower than our derived contact matrices imply. Another limitation is that, although some reinfections have been reported [ 53 ], our model does not account for the possibility of reinfection with mpox. However, the number of reinfections is small, and we do not believe that it has a large impact on mpox outbreak dynamics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the relative importance of epidemiological and behavioural parameters for epidemic mpox transmission: a modelling study

Chaturvedi,

Rodiah,

Kretzschmar

et al. 2024

BMC Med

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Background Many European countries experienced outbreaks of mpox in 2022, and there was an mpox outbreak in 2023 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. There were many apparent differences between these outbreaks and previous outbreaks of mpox; the recent outbreaks were observed in men who have sex with men after sexual encounters at common events, whereas earlier outbreaks were observed in a wider population with no identifiable link to sexual contacts. These apparent differences meant that data from previous outbreaks could not reliably be used to parametrise infectious disease models during the 2022 and 2023 mpox outbreaks, and modelling efforts were hampered by uncertainty around key transmission and immunity parameters. Methods We developed a stochastic, discrete-time metapopulation model for mpox that allowed for sexual and non-sexual transmission and the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, specifically contact tracing and pre- and post-exposure vaccinations. We calibrated the model to case data from Berlin and used Sobol sensitivity analysis to identify parameters that mpox transmission is especially sensitive to. We also briefly analysed the sensitivity of the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to various efficacy parameters. Results We found that variance in the transmission probabilities due to both sexual and non-sexual transmission had a large effect on mpox transmission in the model, as did the level of immunity to mpox conferred by a previous smallpox vaccination. Furthermore, variance in the number of pre-exposure vaccinations offered was the dominant contributor to variance in mpox dynamics in men who have sex with men. If pre-exposure vaccinations were not available, both the accuracy and timeliness of contact tracing had a large impact on mpox transmission in the model. Conclusions Our results are valuable for guiding epidemiological studies for parameter ascertainment and identifying key factors for success of non-pharmaceutical interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the relative importance of epidemiological and behavioural parameters for epidemic mpox transmission: a modelling study

Chaturvedi,

Rodiah,

Kretzschmar

et al. 2024

BMC Med

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Effectiveness of a single dose of JYNNEOS vaccine in real world: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Taha,

Mahmoud,

Abouelmagd

et al. 2024

Health Science Reports

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BackgroundMpox infection is a zoonotic illness that resembles smallpox. Vaccination is widely regarded as a vital effective method of preventing mpox, however, there is lack of consensus of effectiveness of a single dose of mpox vaccine in the current 2022–2023 outbreak. We pooled data from real‐world studies to evaluate the efficacy of the JYNNEOS vaccination given as a single dosage.MethodWe carried out a thorough literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up until August 2023. We estimated the pooled vaccine effectiveness (VE) for mpox using inverse variance method in a random‐effects meta‐analysis. We expressed the results as VE, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and 95% prediction interval (95% PI) using R v4.3.0. We assessed influence, heterogeneity contribution, and influence of studies using several tests and conducted sensitivity analysis accordingly. We used Doi plot and Luis Furuya‐Kanamori (LFK) index to evaluate publication bias.ResultsWith a total sample size of 35,326 individuals, we involved 11 studies in the meta‐analysis. The VE of a single dose of JYNNEOS vaccine was 78.23% (95% CI: 62.79%–87.27%) by pooling data of 24,784 individuals over seven studies. The findings were heterogenous with a 95% PI of −32.14% to 96.41% depicting the expected range of VE in similar settings. Notably, VE increased to 83.02% (74.62%–88.64%) with a prediction interval of (44.67%–94.79) after sensitivity analysis by leaving out outliers. The results were robust in light of several sensitivity analyses. An asymmetric Doi plot with LFK index of −2.25 showed potential publication bias. Pooled prevalence of mpox infection among vaccinated individuals (breakthrough infection) in six studies was 2.19% (0.37%–5.32%).ConclusionThe present findings provide compelling evidence that a single dose of JUNNEOS vaccine can protect recipients from mpox infection. With a 78.23% estimated efficacy rate, the vaccine is thought to be a useful tool in preventing further spread of mpox. However, more research and ongoing surveillance are required to fully understand the reasons behind breakthrough infections and to improve immunization strategies for better protection against mpox.

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Serum Mpox-specific IgG titers before and after breakthrough Mpox infection in an HIV-infected individual with viral suppression and prior 2-dose Mpox vaccination

Liu,

Chao,

Chang

et al. 2024

Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection

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Breakthrough infection and reinfection in patients with mpox

Cited by 4 publications

References 77 publications

Estimating the relative importance of epidemiological and behavioural parameters for epidemic mpox transmission: a modelling study

Estimating the relative importance of epidemiological and behavioural parameters for epidemic mpox transmission: a modelling study

Effectiveness of a single dose of JYNNEOS vaccine in real world: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Serum Mpox-specific IgG titers before and after breakthrough Mpox infection in an HIV-infected individual with viral suppression and prior 2-dose Mpox vaccination

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