2010
DOI: 10.1155/2010/490631
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Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Emerging and Challenging Epidemic

Abstract: Breast cancer is a major health care problem that affects more than one million women yearly. While it is traditionally thought of as a disease of the industrialized world, around 45% of breast cancer cases and 55% of breast cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Managing breast cancer in low income countries poses a different set of challenges including access to screening, stage at presentation, adequacy of management and availability of therapeutic interventions. In this paper, we will revi… Show more

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Cited by 118 publications
(122 citation statements)
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“…2 Late stage at presentation and occurrence in young women are serious problems, especially in countries like KSA where the development of breast cancer is increasing and developing at a younger age. 3,4 Depression is common in patients with cancer, with a recent meta-analysis of 94 studies finding significant symptoms in 29.0% (95% confidence intervals 10.1-52.9) of patients depending on the particular cancer, the particular way that depression is measured, and the particular study and location. 5 In one of the first studies to examine depression in those with cancer, now considered a classic, researchers examined 215 women from three outpatient cancer centers in the US finding that adjustment disorder or major depression was present in 50% of patients.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 Late stage at presentation and occurrence in young women are serious problems, especially in countries like KSA where the development of breast cancer is increasing and developing at a younger age. 3,4 Depression is common in patients with cancer, with a recent meta-analysis of 94 studies finding significant symptoms in 29.0% (95% confidence intervals 10.1-52.9) of patients depending on the particular cancer, the particular way that depression is measured, and the particular study and location. 5 In one of the first studies to examine depression in those with cancer, now considered a classic, researchers examined 215 women from three outpatient cancer centers in the US finding that adjustment disorder or major depression was present in 50% of patients.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, these patterns of incidence are somewhat different in Asian countries. There is a variation of up to 10-folds in breast cancer incidence in different parts of the world, with a much lower incidence in developing areas, (Tfayli et al, 2010) and accordingly in the majority of Asian countries. The highest worldwide incidence for breast cancer has been seen in North America (Jemal et al, 2009) and Western Europe while mediteranean countries and South America harbor an intermediate incidence of the disease.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Advanced stages are described as stage 3 and stage 4 of the disease, when cancerous cells have spread to the lymph nodes and infiltrated other distant sites in the body (Willis, Lewis, Ng, & Wilson, 2015). Some of the factors responsible for the late stage of disease at presentation are lack of breast cancer awareness programs, lack of breast health education programs, social barriers, misconceptions, and taboos about breast cancer treatment outcomes, fear of losing an employment, inadequate government support, lack of adequate infrastructure and resources for routine screening, lack of standardized treatment protocols and guidelines, poor follow-up, and lack of accurate data (Tfayli, Temraz, Abou Mrad, & Shamseddine, 2010). Other factors that may be responsible for the increase in incidence rates are the adoption of Western lifestyles that tend to encourage and promote delaying childbearing, decreasing the number of children, reducing physical exercise, and changes in dietary habits (Porter 2008).…”
Section: Breast Cancermentioning
confidence: 99%