2022
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2021.0459
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Breast cancer: presentation, investigation and management

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common global malignancy and the leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite this, undergraduate and postgraduate exposure to breast cancer is limited, impacting on the ability of clinicians to accurately recognise, assess and refer appropriate patients. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, referral pathways and management of breast cancer in the UK. It also describes how to conduct a thorough clinical breast examination.

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Cited by 176 publications
(90 citation statements)
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“…Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in females worldwide [ 48 ]. Broadly, breast cancer patients can be classified into estrogen receptor positive (ER+)—corresponding to 70% of total cases—or estrogen receptor negative (ER−) [ 49 , 50 ].…”
Section: Lncrna H19 Impairs Chemo and Radiotherapy In Breast Cancermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in females worldwide [ 48 ]. Broadly, breast cancer patients can be classified into estrogen receptor positive (ER+)—corresponding to 70% of total cases—or estrogen receptor negative (ER−) [ 49 , 50 ].…”
Section: Lncrna H19 Impairs Chemo and Radiotherapy In Breast Cancermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As an example, it is worth to mention Carlson's study on the effectiveness of MCBR (mindfulness based cancer recovery) and SET (supportive-expressive therapy) in patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer is characterized by the highest incidence among all malignant neoplasms in women in highly developed countries [10]. MCBR therapy was found to be better than SET at improving stress levels, quality of life, and social support [11].…”
Section: Mindfulness Is Used In Mbi (Mindfulness Based Interventions)...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With the continuous development of new targets and drugs for the treatment of breast cancer and the success of clinical trials involving new treatment protocols, the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer have advanced greatly (3)(4)(5). However, patients with advanced or high-risk conditions continue to have poor treatment outcomes and prognoses (6,7). Early detection and rapid treatment would be very beneficial for patients with breast cancer, as they would increase their prognosis (8).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%