Breast Cancer Recurrence Risk Assessment: Is Non-Invasive Monitoring an Option?

Abstract

Background: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) represents a life-threatening disease with a median survival time of 18–24 months that often can only be treated palliatively. The majority of women suffering from MBC are those who had been previously diagnosed with locally advanced disease and subsequently experienced cancer recurrence in the form of metastasis. However, according to guidelines, no systemic follow-up for monitoring purposes is recommended for these women. The purpose of this article is to review current methods of recurrent risk assessment as well as non-invasive monitoring options for women at risk for distant disease relapse and metastasis formation. Methods: We used PubMed and national guidelines, such as the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), to find recently published studies on breast cancer recurrence risk assessment and systemic monitoring of breast cancer patients through non-invasive means. Results: The options for recurrence risk assessment of locally invasive breast cancer has improved due to diverse genetic tests, such as Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, the PAM50 (now known as the “Prosigna Test”) assay, EndoPredict (EP), and the Breast Cancer Index (BCI), which evaluate a women’s risk of relapse according to certain cancer-gene expression patterns. Different promising non-invasive urinary protein-based biomarkers with metastasis surveillance potential that have been identified are MMP-2, MMP-9, NGAL, and ADAM12. In particular, ααCTX, ββCTX, and NTX could help to monitor bone metastasis. Conclusion: In times of improved recurrence risk assessment of women with breast cancer, non-invasive biomarkers are urgently needed as potential monitoring options for women who have an increased risk of recurrence. Urine as a bioliquid of choice provides several advantages – it is non-invasive, can be obtained easily and frequently, and is economical. Promising biomarkers that could help to follow up women with increased recurrence risk have been identified. In order for them to be implemented in clinical usage and national guideline recommendations, further validation in larger independent cohorts will be needed.

The beneficial role of Asian-based RecurIndex test in the prognostic prediction in Chinese male breast cancer patients

“…Currently, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines have proposed that multigene assays Oncotype Dx and MammaPrint can be used to evaluate the risk of recurrence in FBC according to certain cancer-gene expression patterns. In addition to providing information on recurrence prognosis, they also have predictive ability and can indicate who may benefit from additional chemotherapy 25 . With a high concordance rate with Oncotype Dx, RecurIndex possesses potential for helping clinicians make more informed decisions on adjuvant chemotherapy in Asian FBC patients 20 , 26 .…”

The Regulatory Role of MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer

“…The five-year survival rate of breast cancer at stage I, II, III, and IV are 100%, 93%, 72%, and 26% respectively [43,44]. Although earlier diagnosis and detection of breast cancer has led to a decrease in death rates, further advances in prevention, detection, and treatment are urgently required for the improvement of breast cancer outcomes and survival [45].…”

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