“…Advanced lymphedema (stage III) develops rarely after breast cancer treatments and is differentiated by cartilaginous hardening, papillomatous outgrowths, and skin hyperkeratosis. (8,9) Women with BCRL were confronted not only with physical difficulties (i.e., inflammation, pain, edema, arm tightness and heaviness, impaired upper-extremity mobility, function, and overall daily living activities), but also with psychological distress and altered health-related quality of life, in addition to social and economic burdens. (10) In this regard, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines call for early screening, prevention, education, and intervention for women at risk of developing BCRL.…”