Breast Feeding and Formula Feeding Affect Differently Plasma Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Infant Baboons

Lewis, David N.; McMahan, C. Alex; Mott, Glen E.

doi:10.1159/000243949

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…One possibility is altered thyroid hormone homeostasis. We observed differences in thyroid hormone levels in controlled studies with breast-and formula-fed baboons during both the pre-and postweaning periods (32,33). The promoter of the CYP7A1 gene has several binding sites for thyroid hormone receptors that mediate the significant effects of thyroid hormones on bile acid formation (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming of initial steps in bile acid synthesis by breat‐feeding vs. Formula‐feeding in the baboon

Mott¹,

Jackson

Klein

et al. 2003

Lipids

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We tested the hypothesis that breast- vs. formula-feeding differentially affects the enzymatic activity of three sterol hydroxylases critical in the initial steps of bile acid formation. Thirty baboons were either breast-fed or formula-fed for the first 14 wk of life before weaning to baboon chow. At 14 and 34 wk of age, liver biopsies were assayed for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), 27-hydroxycholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1), and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1). We also determined the kinetics of 3H-27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) turnover in vivo at both ages. At 14 wk of age, hepatic CYP7A1 activity was low but sevenfold higher among formula-fed vs. breast-fed baboons. By 34 wk, CYP7A1 activity had increased nearly 10-fold in both infant diet groups, and the sevenfold difference in CYP7A1 between previously breast- and formula-fed animals persisted. There were no differences in CYP7B1 activities between infant diet groups at either 14 or 34 wk of age although the activity increased in both groups by about 50% from 14 to 34 wk. CYP27A1 activity also increased between 14 and 34 wk of age, and, compared with CYP7A1, relatively small differences in CYP27A1 activity due to infant diet were observed at each age. Plasma 27-OHC turnover had a half-time of 2-4 min. We had previously reported that after weaning, the total bile acid synthesis rate was higher among baboons that were formula-fed than among breast-fed animals. The present results suggest that this difference is most likely due to significantly higher CYP7A1 activity among formula-fed vs. breast-fed animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming of initial steps in bile acid synthesis by breat‐feeding vs. Formula‐feeding in the baboon

Mott¹,

Jackson

Klein

et al. 2003

Lipids

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“…Lewis et al [21] showed that the plasma concentration of triiodothyronine, one of the thyroid hormones having more potent biological activity than thyroxin, was higher in formula fed than breast fed infant baboons. In the present study triiodothyronine levels in plasma were higher in mother-reared than in the formulafed groups, however, within the four formula groups a higher ratio of C:W was associated with higher plasma levels of triiodothyronine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Hypertrophy in Response to the Ratios of Casein and Whey Protein in Milk Formulas in Artificially Reared Rat Pups

Yajima

Kanno²,

Katoku³

et al. 1998

Neonatology

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To elucidate the mechanism of gut hypertrophy observed in rats artificially reared (AR) on milk formulas, the effects of four refined formulas with different ratios of casein (C) and whey protein (W), CW 2:8, CW 4:6, CW 6:4 and CW 8:2, on the gut growth of AR rats were examined. Four groups of pups were infused with each formula through an intragastric cannula from age 5 to 15 days. Each of the four milk formulas showed a different character in the stomach, such as no curd, very soft curd, soft curd and hard curd, in response to an increasing ratio of C:W. There were no significant differences in body weight gain among the AR groups and mother-reared (MR) controls. The stomach growth, in weight, of AR rats increased in response to the increasing ratios of C:W. In comparison with MR controls, hypertrophy of the stomach of AR rats appeared within the formulas with higher proportions of casein than whey protein (CW 6:4 and CW 8:2), but not those with lower proportions (CW 2:8 and CW 4:6). The growth of the small intestine was also related to the increasing ratio of C:W in the formulas. A similar pattern of hypertrophy in the hindgut was seen in AR rats. There was no association between hypertrophy of the gut in AR rats and plasma triiodothyronine. The present results clearly demonstrated that the gut growth of AR rat pups was directly influenced by the diet but not by AR per se, and that hard casein-curd in the stomach might be one cause of gut hypertrophy.

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“…Also, monkey infants can be raised in primate nurseries where the amount and timing of iron in the diet can be precisely controlled through use of infant formulas. Infant monkeys have been used extensively as models for human infants to study absorption, growth and development with formulas of different nutritional content [11,13,35,51,58,41,42,43,33,40,54,57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys

Golub

Hogrefe

Germann

et al. 2006

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Human studies have shown that iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants are associated with behavioral impairment, but the periods of brain development most susceptible to iron deficiency have not been established. In the present study, rhesus monkeys were deprived of iron by dietary iron restriction during prenatal (n = 14, 10 μg Fe/g diet) or early postnatal (n = 12, 1.5 mg Fe/L formula) brain development and compared to controls (n = 12, 100 μg Fe/g diet, 12 mg Fe/L formula) in behavioral evaluations conducted during the first four months of life in the nonhuman primate nursery. Iron deficiency anemia was detected in the pregnant dams in the third trimester and compromised iron status was seen in the prenatally iron-deprived infants at birth, but no iron deficiency was seen in either the prenatally or postnatally iron-deprived infants during the period of behavioral evaluation. Neither prenatal nor postnatal iron deprivation led to significant delays in growth, or gross or fine motor development. Prenatally deprived infants demonstrated a 20% reduced spontaneous activity level, lower inhibitory response to novel environments, and more changes from one behavior to another in weekly observation sessions. Postnatally deprived infants demonstrated poorer performance of an object concept task, and greater emotionality relative to controls. This study indicates that different syndromes of behavioral effects are associated with prenatal and postnatal iron deprivation in rhesus monkey infants and that these effects can occur in the absence of concurrent iron deficiency as reflected in hematological measures.

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Breast Feeding and Formula Feeding Affect Differently Plasma Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Infant Baboons

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Programming of initial steps in bile acid synthesis by breat‐feeding vs. Formula‐feeding in the baboon

Programming of initial steps in bile acid synthesis by breat‐feeding vs. Formula‐feeding in the baboon

Gut Hypertrophy in Response to the Ratios of Casein and Whey Protein in Milk Formulas in Artificially Reared Rat Pups

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys

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